Who Is Jesus Christ and What Is His Mission to the World Essay Example

Who Is Jesus Christ and What Is His Mission to the World Essay The Great Gatsby Jay Gatsby tries to â€Å"repeat the past† with tragic results. The novels narrator Nick Carraway tries to explain to Gatsby that he can’t repeat the past, but Gatsby states, â€Å"of course you can, old sport† (Fitzgerald). Daisy Buchanan and Jay Gatsby met in Louisville. Before he left to fight in World War I he fell in love with Daisy. Right before he left Daisy promised to wait for Gatsby until his return. While waiting for Gatsby’s return Daisy fell in love with Tom Buchanan and soon married into his great wealth.Jay Gatsby wanted to repeat his past so that he could restructure his life until it was perfect rather than accepting his past for what it had been. He explains to Nick that he is going to fix everything just the way it was before (Fitzgerald). Gatsby tries to repeat his past by throwing huge lit up parties at his mansion on Saturdays in hoping for Daisy’s return. Parties in which only few were invited to, people weren ’t actually invited they just somehow ended up there. Between all the partying and the hopes for Daisy, Gatsby never found her.At night he would go out and look for the green flashing light at the end of Daisy’s dock, longing for her and reaching out for her everlasting love. He found out that his next door neighbor Nick Carraway had connection with Daisy. Gatsby invites Nick to lunch so that they could get to know one another. He informs Nick on his past about being in love with Daisy the woman of his dreams and then getting called to fight in World War I. Gatsby tells Jordan (Nick’s girlfriend) to try and convince Nick to invite Daisy over to his house for lunch.Gatsby’s plans was to get her to Nick’s house so that he could show her his huge mansion, knowing that she would be blinded by all the rich and high class of Jay. After lunch with Daisy, Jay was certain that he was winning her back over. According to Nick Daisy and Tom are insulated by we alth and the mores of restraint and gesture (Bloom’s Guide). But there was only one thing Gatsby needed Daisy to do, â€Å"He wanted nothing less of Daisy than that she should go to Tom and say: ‘I never loved you. ’† (Fitzgerald) The results that Jay hopes to get was nothing and no one but Daisy.Gatsby loved Daisy from the beginning. Jay hoped that after showing Daisy his big mansion she would come back. He hoped that just maybe she would trip and fall back in love with him, little did he know a child was holding her back from what he could’ve almost had. Gatsby hoped that Daisy would tell Tom she didn’t love him in hopes that he would leave her so that she could come back to him. Tom Buchanan found out about the affair that was going on between Daisy and Gatsby. Although Tom was committing the same type of wrong with Myrtle.Tom wasn’t having Jay and Daisy having an affair. Tom’s jealousy of Gatsby arises more from his feeling violated by a person of a lower station than out of any real concern for his own wife (Bloom’s Guide). While Gatsby and Daisy was coming home one evening they got into a car accident killing Myrtle, Toms â€Å"secret† lady. Although Daisy was driving the car Gatsby decided to take blame for the accident. Myrtle’s husband Wilson goes out on a hunt to find the one who killed his wife. He found out that Jay Gatsby was the driver. Wilson headed out to find Gatsby.Gatsby was out in his pool when Wilson came and took a bullet to Jay’s head. Not long after Wilson shot Gatsby he turned the gun on himself. In the end, the life that he was longing for ended in great tragic. Nick tried to convince him in the novel that repeating the past was near impossible to do, Jay Gatsby just could not see that repeating his past with Daisy was going to be so much. Gatsby thought that having a huge mansion and lots of money would bring Daisy back to him for the fact he knew she attracted to the wealth of the high class.He knew that she was blinded by the money. But when you’ve got an object such as a child in Daisy’s case it is hard to see what is really best for you. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s book The Great Gatsby Jay Gatsby tries to â€Å"repeat the past† little did he know it would all end in a complete disaster. So it’s true that you really can’t repeat your past no matter how hard you try. Five years might have not seemed like a long time to Gatsby but five years was long enough for Daisy to fall in love with someone else.Although Gatsby tried his hardest to win Daisy back over, life ended with tragic that could have been prevented. But stubborn Gatsby just wouldn’t give up the fight until either someone did it for him or he had Daisy.

Conventioanl vs Islamic Insurance Essays

Conventioanl vs Islamic Insurance Essays Conventioanl vs Islamic Insurance Essay Conventioanl vs Islamic Insurance Essay ISLAMIC LIFE INSURANCE (TAKAFUL), ITS EVOLUTION, COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL LIFE INSURANCE, AND ROLE OF DAWOO TAKAFUL ( AN INSURANCE COMPANY OFFERING LIFE INSURANC IN PAKISTAN ) FOR TAKAFUL INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN Table of Contents 1. 0 LIFE INSURANCE/CONVENTIONAL LIFE INSURANCE 2 2. 0 ISLAMIC LIFE INSURANCE2 3. 0 WHY LIFE INSURANCE NECESSARY2 4. 0 COMPARISON BETWEEN COVENTIONAL LIFE INSURANNCE AND ISLAMIC LIFE INSURANCE 2 4. 1 HOW CONVETIONAL INSURANCE WORKS3 4. 2 DIFFERENTATION OF TAKAFUL FROM CONVENTIONAL INSURANCE 3 4. 3 PRONS AND CONS OF ISLAMIC INSURANCE3 4. 43 4. 4. 1 PRONS OF ISLAMIC INSURANC3 . 4. 2 CONS OF ISLAMIC INSURANCE 4 5. 0 LIFE INSURANCE IN PAKISTAN 4 5. 1 Takaful in Pakistan 4 6. 1 INSIGHT LOOK- A TAKAFUL COMPANY IN PAKISTAN-DAWOOD FAMILY TAKAFUL5 6. 2 OBJECTIVE OF DAWOOD FAMILY TAKAFUL5 6. 2 SHARIAH SUPERVISORY BOARD 5 6. 3 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF DAWOOD FAMILY TAKAFUL5 7. 0 CONCLUSION5 8. 0 REFERNCES5 1. 0 LIFE INSURANCE/CONVENTIONAL LIFE INS URANCE Life insurance is an undertake between the policy holder and the underwriter, where the insurance firm commitments to pay a selected beneficiary a quantity of money (the benefits) upon the death of the individual person. Looking on the contract, other effects such as period ill health or critical wellness may also trigger payment. In return, the policy bearer agrees to pay a specified amount (the premium) at every day intervals or in lump sums. In many countries, death outgoes such as observances are enclosed in the premium; even so, in the United States the predominated form only defines a lump sum to be paid off the insurer’s death (1). The valuable for the policy owner is the peace of mind in sapient to that the modification of the various persons will not issue in non financial adversity. Life insurance policy are lawful contract bridge and the price of the contract exposit the limits of the someone consequences. Specific exceptions are often written into the contract to end the financial obligation of the insurance firm; common examples are claims connecting putting to death, fake, state of war, rioting and civil commotion. In this era of modern finance too many financial products and services are offered by the banks, building societies and financial corporate and one of them is life insurance. New scenarios are developing with modern techniques of offerings for the potential customers. 2. 0ISLAMIC LIFE INSURANCE Takaful (Arabic: Al-Takaful) is an Islamic insurance concept which is grounded in Islamic muamalat (Islamic banking), observing the rules and regulations of Islamic law. This concept has been practised in various forms for over 1400 years. (2) A premier goal of Takaful system and its goods is to strike the right play with Muslim customers who may find formal products unacceptable and get them reluctantly. The takaful system of rules and product may be attractive to them. Ibn Abidin (1784-1836) was the basic learner in the Muslim world to talk about the message and lawful fictional character of insurance policy Islamicity of insurance has been below give-and-take since then. Popular opinion regarding lawfulness, approval, and adaptability of insurance are numerous. Newly, even so, a consensus was emergent for conforming insurance in the name of takaful and commonality. As a issue, several Islamic takaful and commonality companies have been accepted since 1979 The Islamic Insurance concept as known as Takaful (an Arabic word meaning â€Å"guaranteeing each otherâ€Å") is a shariah compliance mutual risk transfer arrangement which involves participants and operators. Shariah is based on the Qur’an and Assunah. Takaful as a concept that some extent is similar to conventional mutual risk sharing such as Mutual Insurance and Protection and Indemnity. It is a mutual sharing of risk based on the concept of Taawun (Mutual Protection). Takaful do not allow what is called Gharar (uncertainty or speculation) and Maisir (i. e gambling). In investment or fund management Riba (i. e usury) is also not allowed. These three Gharar, Maisir and Riba are the areas that must be totally avoided by the Takaful operation, and where it differs with the conventional insurance In order to avoid Gharar, there must be a complete clarity or full disclosuer of any Takaful contract. Full disclosure is aplicable on both sides, i. e on both the subject matter and terms of the contract (scope of cover, etc). Its not allowable in to enter into a takaful contract if there is any unknown element on the subject matter and/or unknown exposure to the extent of the contract itself. As this ideal situation is hardly exist, the Takaful contract then need to be made in a way that there is no exchange of Gharar from one party to another. Maisir (gambling) is regarded as the excessive side of the Gharar. Whilst the participants (insured) may have an insurable interest in the subject matter, if the risk transfer (risk sharing in Takaful) contains any speculative element, the it is prohibited under the Takaful. Riba (usury) is totally prohibited under the shariah law and under a Takaful arrangement. In order to avoid the Riba, Takaful treats participants’ contribution to the risk sharing scheme not as a premium in the way conventional insurance does. In Takaful terms it is treated as being a contribution (Mushahamah) in the from of donation with a condition of compensation (Tabarru). Furthermore, the pool of funds secured from those participants’ contributions or donations, must be managed and invested in accordance with the Shariah. In the same way that Gharar and Maisir represent a continous challenge for Takaful operators to ensure that pure Takaful arrangements are free of them, Riba free investment and fund management is also becoming a specialist discipline which requires more in depth elobaration. Whilst risk are nature of human life, it is impossible to eliminate this nature from human life. What is not allowed in Islam is not the risk or uncertainty itself (so it need to be eliminated)- but selling or exchange of risk or risk transfer to the third party using sales/exchange contract that is not allowable. On the other hand helping each other in any situation including in the event misfortune is highly encouraged in Islamic teaching as Allah mentioned in the Qur’an (Holy book of Muslims). 3. 0 WHY LIFE INSURANCE NECESSARY Life insurance is a kind of policy that look for to kind financial provisions to beneficiaries upon the death of a only provider. Even so, some people seek life insurance for a multiplicity of reasons. Most people will want to die with the notion that their family will be well taken care of economically. (3). It could be used for the settlement of debts and other bills, for the academic provisions of your children. Whatever the reason, the ultimate purpose is financial security upon death. 4. 0 COMPARISON BETWEEN COVENTIONAL LIFE INSURANNCE AND ISLAMIC LIFE INSURANCE The term life insurance is the almost basic of insurance policies. It is nothing more than an insurance policy that gives covering for accidental expiry and potentially debilitating harms for a specific period of time. If beneficiaries do not shuffle any claims during the term of much a policy, the policy will atypically expire no-account. Generally, term life insurance is low-budget to buy during the sooner years of life, when the danger of death is comparatively low. Prices rise in accordance of rights with increasing risks and progressive age (4). Comprehensive life insurance falls below a broader concept of policies sometimes have in mind to as cash-value, or permanent, insurance policy. These sorts of insurance policies combine death performances with a savings part or cash amount that is reinvested and levy shelved. The fund portion is collected throughout the living of the policy and can one time be cashed in at many future factor. Because these insurance policy are permanent, any advance ending of the bridge by the policy holder is open to penalties. During the early levels of life, a big part of the premium paid to this policy is path to the savings section. During the later levels of life, when the value of insurance is high, less of the premium is dedicated to the cash part and many to the purchase of policy. 4. 1 HOW CONVETIONAL INSURANCE WORKS For instance, if a 20-year-old adult purchases period insurance, his or her economic value might be $20 per month. With a world-wide policy, the same 20 year old strength pay $100 a month, with $20 of that going toward expiry insurance and the left over $80 going to the savings factor. When the person ranges age 45, term insurance strength cost $50 per period; even so, with universal insurance, the person intent still pay $100 a month, although a take down part of this would go into the savings element (5). 4. 2 DIFFERENTATION OF TAKAFUL FROM CONVENTIONAL INSURANCE There are five elements that must co-exist to establish a proper framework for a Takaful system as compared to conventional life insurance. 1. Sincerety of Intention - for knowingly following the guidance of, and adhering to the rule and purpose of, Takaful - co-operative risk sharing and mutual assistance. 2. Integration of Sharia principles - in particular, risk sharing under Ta’awuni principles, coincidence of ownership, participation in management by policyholders, avoidance of riba (an agreement in which the policyholder expects to receive a predetermined/ fixed amount that is greater than that invested), gambling (referred to as ‘qimar’ or ‘maisir’ in Arabic, which means any activity that involves an arrangement between two or more parties, each of whom undertakes the risk of a loss where a loss for one means a gain for the other), and al Gharar (activities that have elements of uncertainty, ambiguity or deception. In a commercial transaction, it refers to either the uncertainty of the goods or price of goods, or deceiving the buyer on the price of goods), and inclusion of the al Mudharabah (profitsharing arrangements) and/or al Wakalah (agents) principles for management practices (6). 3. Presence of moral value and ethics - whereby business is conducted openly in accordance with utmost good faith, honesty, full disclosure, truthfulness and fairness in all dealing. 4. No unlawful element - that contravenes Sharia and strict adherence to Islamic rules for commercial contract, namely: Parties have legal capacity and are mentally fit n Insurable interest n Principle of indemnity prevails Payment of premium is consideration (offer and acceptance) Mutual consent, which includes voluntary purifi cation Specific time period of policy and underlying agreement. 5. Appointment of a Sharia Advisory Council or Committee - to oversee the development and Islamic auditing of the Takaful operation and to make sure the investments are made in eligible areas that are allowed and approved by the Sharia board (7). . 3 PRONS AND CONS OF ISLAMIC INSURANCE A very common question which bear in mind of the people/potential customers is why Islamic Insurance is benefited as compared to the conventional insurance and what are the main prons and cons of the Islamic insurance as compared to the conventional insurance so lets have a very little crux of this differention:- 4. 4 4. 4. 1 PRONS OF ISLAMIC INSURANC It has become apparent that   Sharia compliant alternatives in the areas of banking and insurance are indeed attractive to consumers, end users, and financial intermediaries. The Middle East played key roles in the development of these services. The principles of Takaful are as follows: Policyholders co-operate among themselves for their common good. Every policyholder pays his subscription to help those that need assistance. Losses are divided and liabilities spread according to the community pooling system. Uncertainty is eliminated in respect of subscription and compensation. It does not derive advantage at the cost of others. Theoretically, Takaful is perceived as cooperative insurance, where members contribute a certain sum of money to a common pool. The purpose of this system is not profits but to uphold the principle of bear ye one another’s burden. Commercial insurance is strictly not allowed for Muslim as agreed upon by most contemporary scholars because it contains the following elements: i) Al-Gharar (Uncertainty) ii) Al-Maisir (Gambling) iii) Riba (Interest) 4. 4. 2 CONS OF ISLAMIC INSURANCE Even though the Takaful ( Islamic Insurance ) has been described as allowed (halal) for Muslims still Muslim finance scholars are not agreed to one convulsion due to the following reasons:- A . Risk Protection (insurance) is against Tawakkul total dependence upon Allah (swt)    No human actions change the Will of Allah (swt) for our destiny. Whether a person has insurance/Takaful or not has no effect on future events. However, we are instructed to take precautions and then fully trust and depend upon Almighty Allah (swt): in Hadith narrated by Anas bin Malik when an Arab Bedouin asked Prophet Muhmmad (PBUH), Shall I leave my camel untied and seek Allahs protection on it, or should I tie it? The Holy Prophet replied, Tie your camel and then depend upon Allah (swt). {as quoted by Sunan Al Tarmizi, 1981,} (8). B. All Risk Protection (insurance) is Haram-prohibited Fiqh Council of World Muslim League (1398/1978) resolution and Fiqh Council of Organization of Islamic Conference (1405/1985) in Jeddah resolved that, .. conventional insurance as presently practiced is Haram. And that, .. cooperative insurance (Takaful) is permissible and fully consistent with Shariah principles. Hence, conventional insurance is prohibited for Muslims because it contains elements of Riba, Al Maisir, and Al Gharar. By contrast, Takaful provides risk protection in accordance with Sharia using principles of Taawun (mutual assistance), brotherhood, piety and ethical operations (9). C. All Insurance is a form of Gambling of Wagering, which is forbidden in Islam   Risk or uncertainty can be divided into: Pure Risk and Speculative Risk. Pure Risk involves the possibility of Loss or No Loss. For example, damage to property due to fire. Pure Risks are the subject of insurance risk protection and Takaful. On the other hand, Speculative Risks involves the possibility of Loss, No Loss or Gain. For example, venturing into a new business, or gambling on horse race. Speculative Risks that include a potential gain or profit cannot be insured. Takaful schemes use the principle of indemnification to compensate for the loss that occurs to a Takaful Participant. Takaful insures only Pure Risks and claims pay in the event of Loss to cover repairs, damage, replacement of property, or an agreed fixed sum. In Takaful Taawuni (assurance), the compensation equals each participants accumulated savings plus investment profit added to a sum covered taken from the Takaful general pool. D. All Insurance seeks to maximize profits which takes benefits away from policyholders    Most conventional insurance companies are stock companies that seek to maximize profits. Since the interests of shareholders conflicts with policyholders, by raising prices, denying claims, etc. these insurers can boost profits for shareholders. Takaful operators, by contrast, are mutual or cooperative entities. The goal of Takaful is community well-being and self-sustaining operations not high profits. Under the Takaful Mudarabah Model, surplus (or profits) is shared fairly between shareholders and policyholders. Under the Takaful Wakalah Model, surplus is owned by the policyholders and may be reduced by a performance fee incentive for the operator before distribution to the policyholders. 5. 0 LIFE INSURANCE IN PAKISTAN Pakistan is in the operation of remould its economy to meet the inquires of a international sales outlet. The government has inserted a range of efforts designed to support and consolidate Pakistan’s point as an emergent market in the region. The modifications have issued in a deregulated and modified financial sector sales outlet. Pakistans life insurance body, nationalised in 1972, operated under the aegis of the State Life Insurance Corp. and Communicating Life Insurance until 1992, when the governing opened it to private sector involvement. International companies are no individual barred from the life policy business, but they are classified to minority relation. Private companies purpose in nonlife insurance regions, but the governing insurance business is contained by the International Insurance Corp. One of the states first track was to standardise and bring down insurance premium rates and to encourage insurance coverage among a wider section of the population. In 2001, there was US$$168 million of life insurance in writing Pakistan. Although storage of rates is no someone required, there are, even so, separate environment in the Ordinance on Marketplace Behavior Intermediaries which lay behind the works/responsibilities of Direct Insurance policy Companies and of Negotiant. The changes in the regulative environment in Pakistan are in form with those in the International classes. Compliance with regulations is becoming exceedingly important. 5. 1 Takaful in Pakistan The takaful market is silent in a formative level and market projections figuring growing rates between 15% and 20% all over the next 10 years, reaching US$7. 4 billion in economic value by 2015. With demands around customer divine service and productiveness, technology can modify this growing industry through its shaping level. Pakistan is among the best 10 most populous states in the world. This kinds t a very conceptive marketplace for Takaful, one with few interesting inquires. Takaful is the modish â€Å"movement† in business security. Pakistan saw its basic Takaful function, in the Generic part, start in 2006. India, a much larger neighbour, has an insurance penetration of 4. 8%, against Pakistan’s 0. 8%, and its policy density is US$38. 40, against Pakistan’s US$5. 90. These values sort it very clear that there exists a significant space in Pakistan for business securit y tools. As we know, achieving hopefuls is not as simple as formulating them. As a sample Islamic Insuranc Company, Dawood Takaful Family has been chosen for analysis. 6. 1 INSIGHT LOOK- A TAKAFUL COMPANY IN PAKISTAN-DAWOOD FAMILY TAKAFUL Dawood Family Takaful Limited is a member company of the renowned First Dawood Group (FDG) of Companies, Pakistan. FDG belongs to the famous Dawood Family of Bantwa, Gujrat, India, which has remained instrumental in the economic development of Pakistan ever since its independence. Dawood Family Takaful Limited is amongst the pioneers in the field of Family Takaful business in Pakistan. Family Takaful (or Islamic Life Insurance) is a relatively new phenomenon in Pakistan which is regulated by Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan. The Company has a vision to be the preferred provider of Islamic financial protection services in Pakistan. 6. 2 OBJECTIVE OF DAWOOD FAMILY TAKAFUL The Dawood Family Takaful is playing a vital role in Islamic Insurance in Pakistan. They describes their objectives as:- â€Å"We aim to provide these services based on Islamic values. We strive to help our valued customers/partners by establishing savings and protection funds with a view to provide comfort for their loved ones. The pro-active measures ensure them security and certainty as it provides monetary relief in the event of misfortune, and creates the habit of saving amongst our customers/partners. This, we believe, underlines the importance of our mission. † As a member of First Dawood Group of Companies, Dawood Family Takaful Limited is strongly capitalized with paid-up capital of PKR 750 million to ensure our ability to meet the promises to our customers timely, and to offer assurance of reliability to our business partners. Under the leadership of a highly respectable competent and experienced management team, the Company is set to pursue its mission vigorously, both domestically and in the international Islamic market as opportunities arise. â€Å"In view to remain competitive, we will continue to introduce innovative and market based customer-centric Family Takaful products that would feature distinctly from other protection plans available in the market. We aim to be the leader in setting new service standards notably in the area of claims management, as well as building long-term customer/ partner loyalty. â€Å" 6. 2 SHARIAH SUPERVISORY BOARD This is the most integral department of any Takaful Company as it is responsible for giving approval for the launch of any new product, scheme or structuring/participating in any transaction in terms of it being in the scope and parameters of Islamic Principles. The Shariah Advisors consist of eminent Islamic economic and financial scholars. The Shariah Advisors will advise the management company on matters relating to Shariah Compliance and recommend general investment guidelines, consistent with the Shariah. Any verdict issued by the Shariah Advisors in relation to any Shariah related matter would be final and acceptable by the Trustee, the management company and other parties related with the matter. 6. 3 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF DAWOOD FAMILY TAKAFUL Annual Report 2010 Fund Performance Reports April 30, March 31, and February 2011 are attached as are attached as Appendices. The Dawood Family Takafuls accounts shows its performance abourt groth individial Takaful 4 times increase (Rs 197,035,755 for the year 2010 and Rs 44,416,618 for the year 2009) as annulized contribution and growth in Group Takaful 3 times ( Rs 34,568,663 for the year 2010 and Rs 31,488,391 for the year 2009). The ocmpany earned Gross Income of Rs 232 million in the year 2010 which was 3 times higher than regular earned in 2009, which was Rs 6 million which expresses the contribution of Dawood Takaful Family for selling and marketing of Islamic insurance secor of Pakistan. The compay has weighted average of no of shares 57,000,000. The Profit and Loss Statement for the ended year 31stDec, 2010 shwos that the company is in loss after tax with the amount of Rs 65,561,188. Even though the company is playing vital role with its utmost maximum contribution to support islamic insurance as a financial product in Pakistan. The detailed reports are attached as Appendices 7. 0 CONCLUSION From the above discussion and analysis it is evident that Islamic Insurance ( Takaful ) is playig its prominent role at par with the conventional life insurance. From its name it is apparent that it is deemed to be for non muslims but in fact it is only a talilored fincncial product for the targeted segment of muslim customers whereas facts are there that non muslims are also practically buying this product due to its financial coparison with the conventional life insurance. Criticism is still three in Muslim world where muslims are reluctant to accept it as a perfectly Halal ( non-prohibited ) product but if the muslims have already accepted the conventioanl banking so it is not a big issue infact. The one thing is encouraging that its develpment pace is very slow but with the laps of time it is getting in popularity all over the world and UK where Principle Insurance Company was regulated by the Financial Services Authority in 2008. 8. 0 REFERNCES 1ME Waari, (1965), uncertain life time, life insurance , and the theory of the consumer,JSTOR (P39-40). 2LA Crosby, (1987), effects of relationship marketing on satisfation, retention, and pricies in the life insurance (P231). 3HU gerber, (1997) life insurance mathematics 3rd , Springer verlag(P52). REJDA George E, ( 2002), priciple of riskmanagement and insurance 8th edition(P79). 5Black, Kenneth, (200), life and health insurance(P89) 6 M Kabir Hassan and Muvyn K lewis, (2007), hanc book of islamic banking Edward Elgary publishing limited UK(P218). 7Simon archer, Rifaat Ahmad Adbel Karim,(2009) takaful islamic insurance : Concepts and regulatory issues W H Smith(P39) 8ALY Khorshid, (2004), islamic insurance :a mordern approch to isl amic banking W H Smith(P147). 9Mahmound A,(2006) islamic finnance : law economic and parctice Cambridge university press(P89).

TBD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

TBD - Essay Example Contrarily, the US Constitution is a document that represents the rule of law in relation to how the government is expected to perform duties with regard to American citizens.  Primarily, the US Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution was written and documented in the year 1787, a few years after the DOI was made (The Constitution of the United States). It should be noted that unlike the DOI, the Constitution was written under a convention of all the states. The convention was tasked with making changes to the old system of governance. Despite the fact that both documents contain significant information about America, they also vary in some specific aspects. This paper will discuss about the context within which both documents were established, the goals and intended audience of each document; and the style, structure and tone of each document. The DOI was majorly written to express the dismay and convictions of American citizens under the British rule. Written in unforgiving and exalted phrases, the DOI was based in the context that American citizens were accusing the King of Britain of ignoring the law and abusing his authority and power (The Declaration of Independence). Specifically, it was thought that the King had a profound disregard for the best interest of citizens living in the 13 colonies. Besides, it should be noted that signatures contained in the DOI are from the 13 colonies (The Declaration of Independence). Moreover, the DOI was drafted by a single person, Thomas Jefferson. Contrastingly, the US Constitution was written on totally different grounds. A convention was called in order to recommend changes in the old system of US governance (The Constitution of the United States). It was during the 1787 convention, with attendance from all the states, that the Constitution was drafted. Upon approval from all the states, the US Constitution came into operation in 1789. Notably, the

Leadership Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Leadership Philosophy - Essay Example In this regards they become well acquitted with the structural and functional components of the given organization. In a manufacturing industry, the manager may be involved in looking into the individual concerns of workers in a given department. Other than this, they can also study the working conditions as regards the environmental, social, psychological as well as the structural work set-up. Personal paradigm: This is the dimension that the leader considers when their values and beliefs. It focuses on the individual leader’s perspective on the entire organizational structure. In this sense it bears the self policies and guidelines that steer the institution towards success. They must know whether they are role models or have such competencies so as to achieve the highest organizational standards. Such questions like persistence and self motivation come about. In case of a company, there may be workers who have persistency in reporting late to work. The manager should contain them if that will best solve the concern. This dimension is what most often makes organizations have different performance records. The reason behind this is that if the leader lacks the focus and vigor, then the organization in question will also be in turmoil. Most often, when a leader in any given organization is on the forefront in advocating the organizational vision and mission that org anization will always lay a firm foundation. Moreover, it has also been confirmed that when such leaders shift to a new work place, they often set records or maintain them in the case of reputable organizations. Communication paradigm: This dimension generally is concerned with the ability of the leader to maintain a consistent flow of information in the organization by use of the right channels. The leader knows what should be in place as regards space and time. This allows for consistency amongst all workers in a given organization. Such questions that

Songo fipaza Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Songo fipaza - Article Example . Fipaza was an industrious individual and had the passion to make his children’s dreams possible. Saucer was on the lookout for a solid buddy for the 2008 Cape Epic. The rules and regulations were strict as race organizations allowed identical racers to form a team. In South Africa it was difficult to find a sportsperson in this category in Specialized gear for this race. Top racers at that level were hard to find who were free from contracts. As the problem defied solution, Saucer thought of a charity run by creating own charity. Some Specialized seconded the idea and they were willing to come forward and Saucer negotiated with a South African, the GT rider of the time, Burry Stander. With this arrangement both would run in special uniform, specifically designed for the charity. With the major problem solved, the next issue was organizing the event. Charity and its objectives need to be notified. Ruth Bird rendered help and with his support they were fairly confident that everything would be in proper place to enable them to utilize the Cape Epic event to collect funds in support of some local sports organizations. Saucer mentions â€Å"At an ABSA Bank dinner, by sheer coincidence, we met Songo Fipaza and heard of the need for sport in the Kayamandi township of Stellenbosch. Songo mentioned the need for a BMX facility, and that was it – our goals were aligned! Extraordinary!†(Christoph†¦) The project began to take shape. They christened the charity as â€Å"Songo.†The procedural aspects of establishing a charity were still there. The authorities of â€Å"the JAG Foundation† came forward to help. They made available the leverage of their infrastructure. They had good reputation and they were associated with â€Å"the Mighty Meters program already running in Kayamandi† and they were well known in South Africa. Their next focus was to collect funds to build a BMX track. Another renowned individual Erica

A Depicted Theory On Why Criminal Behavior Occurs Criminology Essay

A Depicted Theory On Why Criminal Behavior Occurs Criminology Essay Throughout history theorist and people have tried to find a reason to why criminal behavior occurs. Going back to ancient Babylons Code of Hammurabi, some 3,700 years ago, was the time where the fist efforts to control bad behavior took place. In the seventeenth century, in America, European colonists believed that sin and crime we the same thing. For example, they believed that evils spirits possessed the people who did not form to social norms and follows the laws, or rules. To sustain control of the colonies the people who display antisocial behavior would be dealt with promptly and most of the time severely. By the twenty-first century criminologists looked to a wide range of factors to explain why a person would commit crimes. These included biological, psychological, social, and economic factors. Some would argue that a combination of these as well would be the cause. A Depicted Theory on Why Criminal Behavior Occurs A controversial question is Are criminals born, or made? That is an argument that has been continuing for many years and has been the subject of numerous passionate debates. Early theorists during earlier time had thought that it had something to do with an inherent inclination, or even something as severe as a genetic defect or some form of mental retardation. Over the years, many sociologists and psychologists have tried to make sense of this complicated question. Several suggesting that with todays magnitude of chemical substances, enhancers, and habit forming hobbies, combined with poor living conditions, learned morals, lifestyles, lack of income and education, that criminality is certainly not an innate tendency, but a lifestyle forced upon certain individuals in response to their environment, social class, and social relations. To completely understand the nature of genes and the environmental influences criminal behavior, you must first know how to define criminal behavior. Law in our society is defined by social and legal institutions. Therefore, determining what constitutes criminal behavior can cover a wide variety of activities so researchers tend to focus on the wider context of antisocial behavior (Causes of Crime, 2010). Personality and disorder traits have become necessary in the analysis of those with criminal or antisocial behavior. Generally these disorders or traits are seen in early childhood rather than as an adult. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Conduct Disorder (CD), and Oppositional Defiance Disorder (ODD) are three of the well-known disorders that have shown to have a relationship with adult behavior later on. ODD is characterized by confrontations, rebellion, and a bad temper. As a child with ODD grows older their behavior grows more unpleasant. ADHD is associated with hyperactivity-impulsivity and the inability to keep attention focused on one thing. When an individual violates the social norms and rules that is a CD (Taylor, 1985). A large amount of proof has shown that there is a considerable amount of people with psychological problems are in our criminal justice system. Although some would like to believe this is some kind of solution, it is problematic for our society. When those individuals who suffer from psychological issues are accused to be criminals there is a sense of stigma that is brought on to them because of their disorder. Certain psychological problems have been shown to be heritable and if given the right circumstances, individuals with those genes could find themselves engaging in criminal activity (Jones, 2005). Environmental concerns in criminal behavior occurrence include employment being at minimum wage or below not helping deter criminal activity. Even with government social services, such as public housing, food stamps, and medical care, the income of a minimum wage household still falls short of providing basic needs. People must make a choice between continued long-term low income and the prospect of profitable crime. Gaining further education, of course, is another option, but classes can be expensive and time consuming. While education can provide the chance to get a better job, it does not always overcome the effects of abuse, poverty, or other limiting factors. Thus far it has been established through research and various studies that genetics do influence criminal or antisocial behavior. Researchers agree on the point that genes influence personality traits and disorders (Blumstien, 1987). The family environment is critical to the upbringing of a child and if problems exist then the child is most likely to suffer the consequences. Children who are neglected or abused are more likely to commit crimes later in life than others. Similarly, sexual abuse in childhood often leads these victims to become sexual predators as adults. Many inmates on death row have histories of some kind of severe abuse. The neglect and abuse of children often progresses through several generations. So the cycle of abuse and crime keeps repeating itself. The cycle of violence concept, based on the quality of early life relationships, has its positive counterpart. Supportive and loving parents who respond to the basic needs of their child instill self-confidence and an interest in social environments. These children are generally well-adjusted in relating to others and are far less likely to commit crimes (Causes of Crime, 2010). In addition to environmental concerns the Twin and Adoption Statists from the studies that have been done. Some believe that studies support the genetic foundation of criminal behavior. Twin studies are done by the way of comparing monozygotic (MZ), or identical, twins and the percent of criminal behavior with the percent of criminal behavior of dizygotic (DZ), or fraternal, twins. Ordinarily these studies are used to assess the roles of genetic and environmental influences. The outcome of the twin studies show that there is a higher similarity percentage for MZ twins than for DZ twins in criminal behavior. Adoption studies are serious in observing the relationship that exists between adopted children and both their biological and adoptive parents, thus because they are believed to separate nature and nurture. Some studies have been performed that test for criminal behavior of the adopted children and if their biological parents had also been involved with criminal activity. Family s tudies are the third type of instrument used to assess the relationship between genetics and environmental influences on criminal or antisocial behavior (Himebauch, 2000). Another significant factor in the development of antisocial or delinquent behavior in adolescence is peer groups. A persons peer group strongly influences a decision to commit crime. For example, young boys and girls who do not fit into expected standards of academic achievement or participate in sports or social programs can sometimes become lost in the competition (Fadaie-Teharani, 2002). Children of families who cannot afford adequate clothing or school supplies can also fall into the same trap. Researchers believe these youth may abandon schoolmates in favor of criminal gangs, since membership in a gang earns respect and status in a different manner. In gangs, antisocial behavior and criminal activity earns respect and street credibility. An important point to make is that levels of education have been determined to be significant in the manifestation of criminal behavior. Individuals with learning disabilities have been shown to be more prone to violent behavior. The major reason for this is given in an interrelated causal pattern of events with education at the center. School achievement is predictive of pro-social behavior or behaviors designated as upholding the moral values of a society. This is because academic achievement is interrelated in our society with several other variables such as financial success, high self-esteem and an internal locus of control. This particular model may account for reasoning behind the general idea that individuals with a high IQ generally have fewer tendencies for criminal behavior than individuals with a low IQ. The hypothesis is that having a higher IQ results in easier achievement in school. As stated above, doing well academically is associated with several societal factors as well. Individuals with a lower IQ may not succeed as much academically which would result in lower self-esteem and not as much financial success, resulting in an increased disposition for criminal behavior. It is important then to stress education and to address issues with learning disabilities at an early age to disallow the appearance of these negative attributes (Himebauch, 2000). Yet another factor many criminologists consider key to making a life of crime easier is the availability of handguns in U.S. society. Many firearms used in crimes are stolen or purchased illegally which means it was bought on what is called the black market. Firearms provide a simple means of committing a crime while allowing offenders some distance or detachment from their victims. By the beginning of the twenty-first century firearm use was the eighth leading cause of death in the United States. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, firearm use was the eighth leading cause of death in the United States (Causes of Crime, 2010). Similarly, the increased availability of free information on the Internet also makes it easy to commit certain kinds of. Web sites provide instructions on how to make bombs and buy poisons. Easy access, however, will not be the primary factor in a persons decision to commit a crime. Social learning theory has been cited as way to explain how the environment can influence a childs behavior. Using this theory to explain the aggressive or antisocial behavior of a child means that a child observes aggressive behavior between parents, siblings, or both. As a result, the children believes that this aggressive behavior is normal and can therefore use it themselves because they do not see the harm in acting similar to their parents. Interaction between family members and disciplinary techniques are influential in creating antisocial behavior. Using the social learning theory these two factors are also critical in the development of aggression (Taylor, 1985). Children who are raised in an aggressive family environment would most likely be susceptible to experiencing a lack of parental monitoring, permissiveness or inconsistency in punishment, parental rejection and aggression. The exposure to such high levels of aggression and other environmental factors greatly influenc es and reinforces a childs behavior. A significant point that should be known however is the fact that other research has supported the notion that genetics do influence levels of aggression, which stands in opposition to the social learning theory (Shepard, 1995).

What gets rewarded gets done :: essays research papers

What gets rewarded gets done A Psychological and behavioral explanation The nature of human behavior is, humans do things to satisfy their unmet needs in some way or the other. These needs may vary from the very basic such as hunger to reach the greater heights of life. Whatever it may be, when he realizes that some actions he takes lead to satisfy his needs, he tends to do them in a superior way, expecting the satisfaction of his needs in a greater manner. On the other hand, if a person perceives that the things he does are unable to take him to a state of satisfied on some need or want, and then it’s obvious that he does not want to continue the same action. An activity of any kind, a person is involved in takes that person to a result. The result may or may not be desirable. That depends on the activity and the way that particular person performs that activity. The activities done by a person and the way they are done can be collectively known as the behavior. Therefore, what leads to a result is the behavior. The needed results are led by the right behavior. The right behavior here is an identified set of activities and the way they should be performed, which at the end take the person to the needed result. The two ideas: ‘need-satisfying urge of humans’ and ‘behavior leads to results’, forms the following idea. An individual may act in a certain way to satisfy his unmet needs, but that behavior brings a result, which may be satisfaction of that need itself or satisfaction of that need with something else. If that particular behavior brings some other result in addition to the need satisfaction itself, then it’s obvious that encouraging that behavior by means of ensuring greater need satisfaction yields more results. The above-discussed ideas make up the background for our topic, ‘what gets rewarded gets done’. To get done something (i.e. to achieve a result) there has to be a right behavior. Rewards can satisfy some needs of an individual encouraging the right behavior. From that we can say rewarding can lead to the needed result. Management point of view An organization is a setup of goals to be reached, and resources to be utilized in order to reach those goals. Human resource can be stated as the most important and valuable resource among all the resources possessed by an organization.

Micro Environment

|Chapter | | 1 | Introduction 1. 1 Problem Background There are about three billion people, half of the world’s population, living on the income of less than two dollars a day. Among these poor communities, one child in five does not live to see his or her fifth birthday. One study in 2006 showed that the ratio of the income between the 5% richest and 5% poorest of the population is 74 to 1 as compared to the ratio in 1960, which was 30 to 12.To enhance international development, the United Nations Organization (UNO) announced the millennium development goals,aimed to eradicate poverty by 2015. In this regard, microfinance is the form of financial development that has its primary aim to alleviate the poverty. Governments, donors and NGOs around the world responded enthusiastically with plans and promised to work together towards the realization of these goals.In the recognition of microfinance, the UNO celebrated the year 2005 as a year of micro-credit, as a result this financ ing instrument is perceived worldwide as a very effective mean against hunger and poverty, mainly in developing countries. Microfinance is a credit methodology, which employs effective collateral substitute for short-term and working capital loans to micro-entrepreneurs. The level of a country’s poverty has long been linked with measures of its economic development. Little consideration was given to the social reorganization of the natural resources (e. empowerment vs. alien ation of people, sustainable use vs. depletion of the environment). The economies with positive growth rate of Gross National Product (GNP) were measured by their poverty mitigation. This gratitude emphasized on the achievement of wealth and technology as a path for development and assumed that improved lives for all would be the natural consequence. Microfinance is not a new development. Some developed countries as well as developing countries particularly in Asia hav e a long history of microfinance.Dur ing the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, in number of European countries, microfinance evolved as a type of the informal banking for the poor. Informal finance and self-help have been at the foundation of microfinance in Europe. The early history of microfinance in Ireland can be traced back to 18th century. It is a history of how self-help led to financial innovation, legal backing and conductive regulation, and creating a mass microfinance movement. But the unpleasant regulations prompted by commercial bankin g brought it down.The so-called Irish loan funds appeared in early eighteenth as charities, initially financed from donated resources and offering interest free loans. They were soon replaced by financial intermediation between savers and borrowers. Loans were granted on short–term basis and instalments were scheduled on weekly basis. To enforce the repayment, monitoring process was used. In Latin America and South Asia, the microfinance has grown out of experiment s, but the best-known start was in Bangladesh in 1976, following a widespread famine in 1974 and a hard-fought war of liberation in 1971.Its origin can be traced back to 1976, when Muhammad Yunus set up the Grameen Bank, as an experiment, on the outskirts of Chittagong University campus in the village of Jobra. The inspiration of Grameen Bank came to Muhammad Yunus’ mind when he lent the equivalent of $26 to $42 to exploited women who were working as bamboo furniture maker. He saw that, they were enthusiastic about it and paid back their loans on time.In the beginning, Muhammad Yunus focused the activities of Grameen Bank mainly on savings and small loans, and decided to put the interest rates high enou gh to cover the expenses. Finally yet importantly, he asked borrowers to organize themselves in solidarity groups of five people (who have to meet every week in order to repay their loans and to ex change their opinions). Inspired by the success of his experiment, he decided t o spread out this system to other villages in Bangladesh. In 1983, this institution became a bank.Today it operates in almost 36000 villages and serves more than 3500000 people. On 13th October 2006, the Nobel Peace Prize went to Muhammad Yunus and Gramen Bank, the microfinance institution he founded 30 years ago. Muhammad Yunus has shown himself to be a leader who has managed to translate visions into practical action for the benefit of millions of people, not only in Bangladesh, but also in many other countries. Loans to poor people without any financial security had appeared to be an impossible idea. 2 Eventually we are in a situation, in which Muhammad Yunus, the founder of Grameen Bank, tells us the goal spread of micro-credit and finance, which give us the hope, may be our great-grandchildren will go to museums to see what poverty was like. This report is about microfinance and its contribution to the improvement and poverty alleviation for millions of the poorest people of Ba ngladesh. Micro finance has a huge impact on the lives of millions of poor people..Numerous scholars and NGOs have been working to take microfinance within the reach of poor people, who are still not benefited by the conventional financial system. It was believed that microfinance is not important for all people but most groups can benefit from this idea. In this report, we try to present evidence of the important contributions made by microfinance in the eradication of poverty by increasing the income generating activities, empowerment of poor people to access development services such as health and education, and reduction in vulnerability. 1. 2 Problem StatementIn the light of problem, background leads to the following problem statement, Impact of Microcredit on poverty alleviation of the poor people in Bangladesh 1. 3 Objectives of the study To be meaningful, every work must have to formulate the objectives of the study. In the light of the topic of the report, the objective of this study is to show how microcredit works, by using group lending methodology for reducing poverty and how it effects the living standard (income, saving access to health and education, etc. ) of the poor people in Bangladesh. 1. 4 Methodology of the studyData & information are mainly collected from secondary sources. We have used several books, research literatures, articles, journals and report, as secondary sources for our study. Internet sources were also used as a secondary source for our report. Since the internet sources are less reliable, we have limited the use of those sources to the web pages of prominent organizations like Grameen Bank. Most of the sources, we tried to use, are reliable and are acceptable almost everywhere. Nevertheless, from them we had to choose the most appropriate literature for our report.For this reason, we had to go through numerous references related to this topic, to find the suitable materials. Besides these, Google Scholars were also used to find the suitable research material. The keywords used when searching for scientific articles and literatures were; microcredit, microcredit and Bangladesh, poverty reduction and microcredit, Muhammad Yunus and microcredit,living standards and microcredit etc. 1. 5 Limitations Due to shortage of time, the accuracy of information may not have been completely flawless. 1. Definitions and Key Concepts Microcredit It is a component of microfinance and is the extension of small loans to entrepreneurs, who are too poor to qualify for traditional bank loans. Especially in developing countries, micro-credit enables very poor people to engage in self-employment projects that generate income, thus allowing them to improve the standard of living for themselves and their families. Poverty Poverty is a condition in which a person of a commumity is deprived of the basic essentials and necessities for a minimum standard of living.Since poverty is understood in many senses, the basic essentials ma y be material resources such as food, safe dringking water and shelter, or they may be social resources such as access to information, education, health care, social status, political power, or the opportunity to develop meaningful connections with other people in society. According to the World Bank’s (1980 ) definition of poverty, condition of life so characterized by malnutrition, illiteracy, and disease as to be beneath any reasonable definition of human decency. Extreme Poverty/Absolute PovertyExtreme poverty is the most severe state of poverty, where people can not meet their basic needs for survival, such as food, water, clothing, shelter, sanitation, education and health care. Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger by 2015 is a Millennium Development Goal set by UNO. To determine the number of extreme poor people around the world, the World Bank characterizes extreme poverty as living on the daily income of US $1 or less. It has been estimated that around 1. 1 bill ion people currently live under these conditions. Moderate povertyIt indicates the condition where people earns about $ 1 to $2 a day, which enables households to just barely meet their basic needs, but they still have go for many of the other things – education, health care –that many of us take for granted. Relative Poverty It means that a household has an income below the national average income. Micro finance Institutions (MFIs) A microfinance institution is an or ganization, engaged in extending micro credit loans and other financial services to poor borrowers for income generating and self-employment activities.An MFI is usually not a part of the formal banking industry or government. It is usually referred to as a NGO (Non-Government Organization). |Chapter | | 2 | Theoritical Framework 2. 1 What is microcredit? Microcredit is the extension of very small loans (microloans) to the unemployed, to poor entrepreneurs and to others living in poverty who are not consi dered bankable. These individuals lack collateral, steady employment and a verifiable credit history and therefore cannot meet even the most minimal qualifications to gain access to traditional credit.Microcredit is a part of microfinance, which is the provision of a wider range of financial services to the very poor. 2. 2 Features of microcredit †¢ Size – loans are micro, or very small in size †¢ Target users – micro entrepreneurs and low-income households †¢ Utilization – the use of funds – for income generation, and enterprise development, but also for community use (health/education) etc. †¢ Terms and conditions – most terms and conditions for microcredit loans are flexible and easy to understand, and suited to the local conditions of the community. Usually micro-credit is provided to a particular geographical area or community. †¢ Micro-credit funds are sometimes initiated in response to the needs of a particular group . †¢ Some loan circles and lending institutions require participants to attend ongoing business training and mentoring programs, which is not the case with traditional debt lending. †¢ Micro-credit is recognized as having increased risk and is treated as a separate class of product by lenders. †¢ Its mission is to help the poor families to help themselves to overcome poverty. It is targeted to the poor, particularly poor women. 2. 3Classification of microcredit I. Traditional informal microcredit (such as, moneylender's credit, pawn shops, loans from friends and relatives, consumer credit in informal market, etc. ) II. Microcredit based on traditional informal groups (such as, tontin, su su, ROSCA, etc. ) III. Activity-based microcredit through conventional or specialised banks (such as, agricultural credit, livestock credit, fisheries credit, handloom credit, etc. ) IV. Rural credit through specialised banks. V. Cooperative microcredit (cooperative credit, credit uni on, savings and loan associations, savings banks, etc. VI. Consumer microcredit. VII. Bank-NGO partnership based microcredit. VIII. Grameen type microcredit or Grameencredit. IX. Other types of NGO microcredit. X. Other types of non-NGO non-collateralized microcredit. |Chapter | | 3 | Major MFIs and their role in Bangladesh Back during late 1970s, when the Jobra experiment was underway under Professor M. Yunus, the Dheki Rin Prokolpa was initiated by the Bangladesh Bank in collaboration with the Swanirvar Bangladesh, and several other pilot schemes were initiated by a handful of the NGOs who were active then.At that time, it was difficult then to conceive that these initiatives would lead to a major micro-credit movement, which would make Bangladesh known to the rest of the world. Even during the 1980s, in spite of Grameen Bank’s success, the main discourse amongst development practitioners in Bangladesh centred on the desirability of micro-credit program as opposed to concie ntization. By 1990, unhindered experimentation in the fields led to a quiet resolution of the debate and the country experienced a massive expansion of micro-finance activities during the 1990s.This is borne out by the figures on the time path of MFI expansion (see Figure 1), [pic] Many studies and surveys have been carried out by different agencies regarding the working of MFIs and their impact on the poor people in Bangladesh. The agencies like Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies and World Bank have found strong evidence that functioning of MFIs have helped the people in meeting their daily needs and at the same time building their assets.It has been stated in The World Bank Economic Review that microfinance has not only helped people to develop in their material capital but also in the human capital, by better access to health care and education system, and general awareness among the people about their rights and duties towards society. However, there are numerous MFIs w orking in Bangladesh at present so it is almost impossible to mention all of them. Therefore, we have chosen four of the most important ones and try to give the overview of them. 3. Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) With a vision of â€Å"a just, enlightened, healthy and democratic Bangladesh free from hunger, poverty, environmental degrad ation and all forms of exploitation based on age, sex, religion and ethnicity†, BRAC started as an almost entirely donor funded, small-scale relief and rehabilitation project to help the country overcome the devastation and trauma of the Liberation War. Today, BRAC has emerged as an independent, virtually self-financed paradigm in sustainable human development with its motto ?Alleviation of poverty and empowerment of the poor. It is the largest in the world employing 97,192 people, with the twin objectives of poverty alleviation and empowerment of the poor. Through experiential learning, BRAC today provides and protects liveliho ods of around 100 million people in Bangladesh. Diagnosing poverty in human terms and recognizing its multidimensional nature, BRAC approaches poverty alleviation with a holistic approach. BRAC's outreach covers all 64 districts of the country. 3. 1. Microfinance Programs of BRAC, at a Glance (Source: BRAC Annual report 2005) |Inception of micro finance programme |1974 | |Programme coverage |Districts 64,Thanas:507 | |Total No of Area/Branch Offices |1,381 | |Total No of village Organizations |160,197 | |Total No of Members |4,837,099 | |Percentage of Women Members |98% | |Outstanding Borrowers |4,159,793 | |Cumulative Loan Disbursement |165,794 million (US $3,094) | |Members’ Savings |9,159 million (US 141 million) | |Average Loan Size |9,452(US $145) | |Repayment Rate |99. 49% | 3. 2 Grameen Bank The history of origin of Grameen Bank can be traced back to 1976, when Professor Muhammad Yunus, head of the Rural Economics Program at the University of Chittagong, launche d an action research project to examine the possibility of designing a credit delivery system to provide banking services targeted at the rural poor.The initial activities started from Jobra village (adjacent to Chittagong University) and some in th e neighboring villages in the following years. Later in 1979, with the sponsorship of central bank and support of the nationalized commercial banks, the project was extended to Tangail, a district north of Dhaka. Later the Grameen Bank became an autonomous organization through the government legislation of October 1983. Today, Grameen Bank is mainly owned by the people whom it serves and they own 90% of its shares and remaining 10 % are owned by the government. 3. 2. 1 Microfinance Programs of Grameen bank, at a Glance (Source: Gra meen Bank annual report 2007) |Numbers of Members |7. 5 million | |Percent of Women Members |97% | |Number of Canters |99,502 | |Number of Villages covered |59,912 | |Number of Branches |2,499 | |Number of A reas |81,334 villages | |Number of Zones |21 | |Cumulative amount Disbursed since Inception |256,497. 40 (Million Taka) | |Cumulative Disbursed during |2005 39,183. 49 (Million Taka) | |Amount of Loan outstanding |27,970. 31 (Million Taka) | |Members |20,138. 7 (Million Taka) | |Non-Members |11,521. 19 (Million Taka) | |Portfolio Growth Rate |39. 66% | 3. 3 Association for Social Advancement (ASA) ASA in Bengali means ‘HOPE’. ASA is a non-governmental organization based in Bangladesh, which provides micro-credit financing. It was established in 1978 by Shafiqual Haque Choudhury who is also the current chairman. Its functioning is basedon the institutional support system.Innovations and simplifications of staff training, monitoring and bookkeeping are the three areas responsible for ASA's ability to effectively manage established units and pursue bold growth initiatives simultaneously. This makes the operations smooth and efficient. This makes it simple and easy to operate both for the organization and for the clients, without the unnecessary delays of bureaucracy and red-tape. Its mission is to â€Å"reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of the poor through the provision of qualitative and responsive micro finance services in an innovative and sustainable way†. ASA offers a successful alternative microfinance model to that of the Grameen bank.ASA combines low cost operations and high growth to fuel its success. ASA continues to perfect the role of financial intermediation by developing a variety of savings p roducts that are quite successful at generating the necessary funds from local sources. The experiences of ASA's managerial dynamism and replication of its simple model have much to offer the diverse microfinance sector as it accommodates demand for quality Financial services by the poor masses. ASA is confident that a financially viable microfinance sector that provides competitive financial services to its customers will be able to expand outreach at a pace similar to its own. 3. 3. Microfinance Programs of ASA, at a Glance (Source: ASA Annual Report 2005) |Inception of micro finance programme |1978 | |Programme coverage |Evenly distributed over the country | |Total No of Area/Branch Offices |2,291 | |Total No of village Organizations or groups |178,904 | |Total No of Members |5. 99 millions | |Percentage of Women Members |Not sex biased | |Outstanding Borrowers |4. 8 millions | |C umulative Loan Disbursement |33,082 million (Taka) | |Total Members’ Savings |3,036 million (Taka) | |Average Loan Size |Taka 7,129 | |Avg. savings balance by members |Taka 748 | 3. 4 Proshika Immediately after the ‘WAR OF LIBERATION’ in 1971, a group of young men, who could realize the inadequacy of the conventional development practices, began to plan development activities with an alternative appr oach. With an objective to contribute to rebuilding the war-ravaged country, they formed Proshika M anobik Unnayan Kendra (Proshika Centre for Human Development).The development process of PROSHIKA, one of the largest NGOs of Ban gladesh, started in a few villages of Dhaka and Comilla districts in 1975, although the organization formally took its first step in 1976. Proshika is an acronym of three Bangla words, proshikkhan (training), shikkha (education) and kaj (action). PROSHIKA envisages a society, which is economically productive and equitable, socially just, environmentally sound, and genuinely democratic. The main mission of PROSHIKA is to conduct an extensive, intensive, and participatory process of sustainable development through empowerment of the poor.Through empowerment, the poor are or ganized and made aware of the real causes of their impoverishment, a leadership is developed among them, their material resources are mobilized, income and employment is increased, and capacities are developed to cope with natural disasters. Empowerment makes th e poor functionally liter ate, enables them to take better care of their health, to get involved in environmental protection and regeneration, get elected in local government bodies and community institutions, and provides the poor with better access to public and common property resources. 3. 4. 1 Microfinance Programs of PROSHIKA, at a Glance ((Source: PROSHIKA Annual Report 2005) |Numbers of Members |2. 7 millions | |Percent of Women Members |Approximately 60% | |Number of Groups |148,039 | |Number of Villages covered |23559 | |Number of Slums |2102 | |Number of Households |2. 3 millions | |Number of primary Groups |148,039 | |Cumulative Disbursed during 2005 |Taka 31,870 millions | |Number of Education Centres Set Up So Far |53,616 | |Persons graduated with technical skills |1. 11 millions | |Chapter | | 4 | Impact of Microcredit Program on Poverty Alleviation 4. What the microcredit clients do with the loan money In one of the country's large formal MFIs, it was found that about sixty eight per cen t of the clients used 54% of their total loans for small trades. A few clients used 64% of the loan money for buying homestead and cropland. A small number of clients used 67% of the loans to build new houses. Some spent 15% of the total loan for medical treatment of their relatives and themselves. Some spent 19% of the total loan money for consumption purposes. A few clients used 29% of loan money for sending their relatives abroad for jobs. A smaller number of clients used 18% of their loan for major repairing of their dwelling houses.A handful of clients used 42% of the loan for buying television sets, furniture and gold ornaments, while others used the loan money in buying rickshaws, livestock and lending to others in a modicum scale . In another large non-governmental organisation (NGO)-MFI, it was spotted that fifty per cent of the clients used 95% of the total loan money in trading businesses like vegetables, grocery, fish, and betel leaves, etc. A few clients used 40% of the loan money in repaying occasional borrowed debts. Some clients used 35% in agricultural farming. Some used 37% of the total loan for buying livestock for rearing. A few clients used 41% loan money for redeeming mortgaged cropland.Some clients used 61% of the loan money for sending relatives abroad. Again some used 34% of the loan money for meeting the debts from moneylenders. Some clients used 15% of the total loans in repaying loan installments of other NGOs. Some clients used 17% of the loan for medical treatment. Some used 100% loan for house construction, while others used the loans for buying land, rickshaw vans and consumption purposes. Yet again in another large NGO-MFI in the country, about fifty per cent clients were noticed using 66% of the total loan in running their businesses. Several clients used 43% of the total loan for marriage ceremony of their family members.A few clients used 38% of the loan for house construction and repairing. Some used 32% of the total loans in repaying loans of the local moneylenders. A few clients used 59% of the loan for various litigation purposes. Some clients spent 41% in food consumption. Some clients used 67% loan for weaving purposes. Others used the loans for medical treatment, buying livestock, cropland, taking others land for cultivation and repaying loan installments of other NGOs. In a mid-level MFI operating in the urban areas, cent per cent clients used 86% of the total loan in various types of businesses that include grocery, cattle hide, computer composing, photocopy service, commercial phone service, saree selling, etc.Some clients used 84% of the total loan for house construction. A few clients used 81% of the total loan in buying land in the villages where they hailed from. In a pretty tiny NGO-MFI, some clients were found using 74% of the total loans for buying fishing equipment like nets and boats, etc. Some clients used 46% of the loan for buying livestock. A few used 74% of the loans as business capital. Some kept 52% of the loans as savings in the commercial banks, while others used the loan money for repairing houses and meeting medical costs. 4. 2 Impact of Microcredit The major objective of microcredit (MC) is to create income among poor households and thereby alleviate poverty.In this respect the question can be asked at two levels, first, whether MC leads to an improvement in income and second whether the increase in income is sufficient to lift them above the poverty level. There is also a third aspect related to the second that is whether poverty alleviation takes place on a sustained basis. Though most impact assessment studies examine the impact of MC on income, the analyses concentrated on mainly the first question. It should be mentioned that most studies consider the total impact on growth of income and do not examine whether a redistribution of credit fund has a redistributive impact on poverty and income of households 4. 2. 1 Findings of PKSF ME Study by BID SPalli Karma-Sahayak Foundation (PKSF) commissioned a longitudinal Monitoring and Evaluation Study (MES) which was conducted by the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS). Started in 1997, the studies were completed in 2001. The study covered 3026 sample households spread over 91 villages located in 13 of PKSF POs operational areas. A census was administered in late 1997, covering 19151 households in 91 villages. The first and the second round surveys under the study were administered in 1998 and 1999 and the third and final round survey was conducted in 2000. Some findings on the impacts of microcredit as presented here are gleaned from the reports and papers prepared by BIDS. The summary of the PKSF-ME Study by BIDS is shown in the Table below- Table: Impacts of Microfinance (compared to non-participants) Broad Category |Indicatiors |Type of Change |Cause of Change | |Economic Impact |Income |+ |Self employment activities | | |Food Security |+ |Greater access to cultiv able land through the | | | | |rental market | | |Wage (land poor) |+ |Transport and other non-agril activities sup. by MC| | |Employment (land poor) |+ |better access to the land rental market | | | | |Wage emoloyment in non-ag. sector | | |Assets (land poor) |+ |av. ow land size than non-participants | | | | |larger operational holding | | | | |impact of MF (poultry livestock, bi-cycles, | | | | |rickshaw/van) | |Social and other |Fertility and contraceptive use |+ |program participation | |development impacts | | |female methods dominate | | |Health and Nutrition |+ |program placement effect | | |Sanitation and drinking water |+ |program participation | | |Literacy and school enrollment |+ |program participation | | |of children | | | | |Social mobility |? |do not vary significantly | | |Women articipation and HH |+ |participation in a MC program | | |welfare | |increasing women’s income | 4. 2. 2 Measuring the Impact of Microfinance Grameen Bank has been tracking the pro gress of its clients in achieving all ten indicators since 1997, and reports that 55 percent of its established members (Grameen annually surveys all clients who have been in the program more than five years) had crossed the poverty line by the end of 2004: [pic] (Source: CIA World Factbook: http://www. cia. gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/bg. tml) This is an impressive achievement, and exactly the type of information that one might hope any MFI would be tracking. Though it might seem arbitrary to determine that achieving all ten indicators constitutes movement out of poverty, in fact all poverty lines are to some degree arbitrary, and they are meant to quantify whether or not families are meeting basic needs—such as those represented in the Ten Indicators. Knowing that 55 percent of established Grameen clients never go hungry, have access to safe drinking water, and send their children to school is important to Grameen. Table 1: Poverty rates among Grameen Bank members vs . Non-participants, 1984-85 |Grameen members |Target non participants |All households | | | |Grameen |Comparison |Grameen |Comparison | | | |villages |villages |villages |villages | |Moderately poor (percent) |61. 0 |83. 7 |80. 4 |61. 5 |76. 3 | |Extremely poor (percent) |48. 0 |76 |74. 4 |47. 1 |54. 6 | Table 2: Poverty rates among Grameen Bank members vs. Non-participants, 1996-97 |All households | | |Grameen |Comparison | | |villages |villages | |Moderately poor (percent) |18 |57. 5 | |Extremely poor (percent) |15 |54. 5 | Table 1 and 2 suggest that Grameen Bank members are substantially less poor than non-members, and that Grameen Bank’s activities affected the poverty levels of entire villages. The centerpiece of the findings of a survey is that every additional taka lent to a woman adds an additional 0. 18 taka to annual household expenditure—an 18 percent return to income from borrowing. Notably, the returns to male borrowing were considerably lower, only 11 per cent.The paper and the book reported a variety of â€Å"wider† impacts, including: †¢ A one percent increase in credit to Grameen women increased the probability of girls’ school enrollment by 1. 86 percentage points. †¢ A 10 percent increase in credit provided to women increased the arm circumference of girls by 6 percent. †¢ A one percent increase in credit to women increased the height-for-age of both boys by 1. 42 percent and girls by 1. 16 percent. Microcredit is not merely an instrument for credit extension to the poor borrowers. It is a movement to emancipate the poor to alleviate their poverty, improve their quality of life, and build their capacity and awareness and to integrate them economically and socially into the mainstream of the economy.The benefits of microcredit go beyond the quantifiable ones, there are other benefits, which are not seen, but are evident in the socio-economic transformation of rural Bangladesh. |Chapter | | 5 | Conclus ion We have come to the conclusions that there is a noticeable and positive impact of microcredit activities on the living standards, empowerment and poverty alleviation among the poor people in the society. If one can help, a poor person to stand on his own that cannot only bring about a revolution in their lives but also in the society. The dream of a healthy and educated society with no discrimination and biased can be achieved through this simple thought, the dream which seems to be coming true and becoming practical.The simple vision of one man, Muhammad Yunus has taken the shape of the revolution and has shown the ray of hope in the path of life to every human, irrespective of his background or status or position. The hope of a life that no one will sleep hungry, no one will die due to lack of medication, our children can read and write on their own and everyone will be the pillar of the society. Scope for further research The current study did not consider the reasons of moti vation to join the microfinance program. Another area that has not been investigated is the difficulties that the borrowers face to repay the loan. These areas deserve to be studied by future researchers in the field. There is also another field, which is neglected in our study that the supply gap of MFIs.Actually, to what extent the MFIs are capable to deliver their service to the poor people. Further research could be conducted in this area and for finding the reasons for the gap between demand and supply in terms of microfinance services. References www. google. com Grameen Bank official website (www. grameen-info. org/) ASA official website (www. asabd. org) BRAC official website (www. brac. net) PROSHIKA official web site (www. proshika. o rg/) Rahman, R. I. , 1994, Impact of Credit for the Rural Poor: An Evaluation of Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation's Credit Program, Report Nr: 1207, BIDS, Dhaka. (found on the internet)The World Bank, 1996, Staff Appraisal Report, Bangladesh Po verty Alleviation Micro-finance Report 1, South Asia Region. (Found on the internet) Khandker, S. R, 1998, Micro-credit Programmes Evaluation —- A Critical Review, IDS Bulletin of International Development Studies 29 (4), 11-19. (Found on the internet) Measuring the Impact of Micro? nance: Taking Stock of What We Know (December 2005) – by Nathanael Goldberg. (Found on the internet) Impact of Microfinance on Living Standards,Empowerment and Poverty Alleviation of Poor People: A Case Study on Microfinance in the Chittagong District of Bangladesh. -by Mohammad Arifujjaman Khan and Mohammed Anisur Rahaman.

How to Read a Difficult Book

How to Read a Difficult Book Even if you have lots of experience in reading books, you will still come across a novel thats difficult to get through. You may find yourself  reading slowly because of the subject matter, the language, word usage, or the convoluted plot and character elements. When you are just attempting to get through the book, it may not really matter to you why the book is difficult, you just want to get to the end, so you can move on to your next reading pick. But there are ways to make even the hardest book less of a trial to get through.   Tips to Get Through Hard to Read Books Find your perfect  reading spot - a place where you can be comfortable and read. Figure out what conditions you need to be able to concentrate, study, and read most effectively. It may be easier for you to read at a desk, at a table in a quiet library, outside or in one of those cushy chairs at Starbucks. Some readers cant concentrate when theres any noise around them, while others can read anywhere. Reproduce those ideal conditions - particularly when youre reading a difficult book.Keep a dictionary with you as you read. Look up any words you dont understand. Also, jot down literary references that are escaping you. Are comparisons being made that are escaping your understanding? Look those references up! You may want to avoid using your smartphone for this task to avoid tempting distractions.  Look at how the book is organized by reading through the table of contents and reading the introduction. This may help give you a sense of what material is coming as you read.  Try to avoid skimming as much as possible. If a book is dense or dry it can be tempting to try to get through it as quickly as possible, but skimming can cause you to miss key points that would add to your comprehension.   If you own the book you are reading, you may want to highlight passages that seem important. Otherwise, you can take careful notes, keeping track of quotes, characters, or passages that you might want to return to later. Some readers find that by using flags or page markers, they can more easily find those sections that are essential to an understanding of the book. Keeping notes is a way to help ensure that you really think about what youre reading.  Dont become bleary-eyed. In other words, if the book seems too overwhelming, stop reading for a bit. Take this time to organize your ideas about the book. Write down any questions you have. If the concepts are still too difficult to grasp try talking about it with a friend to flush out what you are thinking (and feeling) about the work.Dont stop reading for too long. It can be tempting to put off finishing the book when the book seems too difficult  but dont give in to that temptation. If you put off continuing your reading for too long you may forget what youve read. Key elements of the plot or characterization may get lost over time so its best to try to keep reading at your usual pace. Get help! If youre still having a difficult time with the book, a tutor might be able to answer your questions. If youre reading for a class, consider talking with your teacher about your confusion. Ask him/her specific questions about the book.

Free Essays on Louis Armstrong

New Orleans is a melting pot of people and culture. Diversity is not just recognized but also celebrated. Out of this various blend of French, Spanish and African influences came jazz music. The most influential jazz musician in history was born in New Orleans. Louis Armstrong was not only the epitome of jazz, but he was the King of Jazz. Louis Daniel Armstrong always said he was born on July 4, 1900 because that’s what he was told. After his death in 1971, the writer Gary Giddins discovered his baptismal certificate that proved he was born on August 4, 1901. He was born in the Storyville District of New Orleans. It was a very poor section also called â€Å"the Battlefield† because there was a lot of shooting and fighting there. Willie Armstrong was his father. He was a straw boss in a turpentine factory. His mother was Mary Ann Miles. She was a country girl from just outside New Orleans. Everyone called her Mayann. She moved into the city and met and married Willie. Mayann was about fifteen when Louis was born and Willie abandoned them soon after. In order to support them Mayann cleaned houses and also was a part time prostitute which was a common occupation for poor black women in New Orleans. While he was still an infant he went to live with his paternal grandmother, Josephine Armstrong. She worked hard as a laundress. When Louis was five, his sister Beatrice was born and he moved back in with his mother. She continued her carefree habits and would sometimes disappear from home for days at a time. Louis was often left to watch his sister. Louis went to school but like most of the kids in Storyville, he would rather be on the street playing with his friends or scrounging for money. Louis grew up in poverty and he was deprived both emotionally and physically. He went barefoot year-round and he wore oversized hand-me-downs that he got from Mayann’s various boyfriends. Sometimes he had... Free Essays on Louis Armstrong Free Essays on Louis Armstrong New Orleans is a melting pot of people and culture. Diversity is not just recognized but also celebrated. Out of this various blend of French, Spanish and African influences came jazz music. The most influential jazz musician in history was born in New Orleans. Louis Armstrong was not only the epitome of jazz, but he was the King of Jazz. Louis Daniel Armstrong always said he was born on July 4, 1900 because that’s what he was told. After his death in 1971, the writer Gary Giddins discovered his baptismal certificate that proved he was born on August 4, 1901. He was born in the Storyville District of New Orleans. It was a very poor section also called â€Å"the Battlefield† because there was a lot of shooting and fighting there. Willie Armstrong was his father. He was a straw boss in a turpentine factory. His mother was Mary Ann Miles. She was a country girl from just outside New Orleans. Everyone called her Mayann. She moved into the city and met and married Willie. Mayann was about fifteen when Louis was born and Willie abandoned them soon after. In order to support them Mayann cleaned houses and also was a part time prostitute which was a common occupation for poor black women in New Orleans. While he was still an infant he went to live with his paternal grandmother, Josephine Armstrong. She worked hard as a laundress. When Louis was five, his sister Beatrice was born and he moved back in with his mother. She continued her carefree habits and would sometimes disappear from home for days at a time. Louis was often left to watch his sister. Louis went to school but like most of the kids in Storyville, he would rather be on the street playing with his friends or scrounging for money. Louis grew up in poverty and he was deprived both emotionally and physically. He went barefoot year-round and he wore oversized hand-me-downs that he got from Mayann’s various boyfriends. Sometimes he had... Free Essays on Louis Armstrong Louis Armstrong â€Å"SATCHMO† Louis Armstrong was the most important and powerful musician in Music history. Although he is often thought of by the public as a lovable, clowning person, a rough-voiced singer who played simple but spectacular trumpet in a New Orleans-styled Dixieland setting, Armstrong was much much more. One of the first soloists on record, Louis was more responsible than anyone else for jazz changing from an ensemble-oriented folk music into an art form that emphasized inventive solo improvisations. His relaxed phrasing was a major change from the staccato style of the early '20s (helping set the stage for the swing era) and Armstrong demonstrated that it was possible to have both impressive style and a strong feeling for the blues. One of jazz's first true stars, his influence over his fellow players was so powerful that nearly every trumpeter to record between 1927 and 1940 sounded to an extent like one of his followers! Louis Armstrong's unique style singing voice was copy by so many of the listeners through the years, he made â€Å"scat singing† popular. By using syllables rhythmically rather than words. It was said, that he was in the studio and his music fell off the stand so he started to make it up, that when scat music was born. His way of talking affected many singers to come up after 1930, including Bing Crosby, Billie Holiday and Frank Sinatra. In addition, Louis Armstrong’s humor and funny ways were popular in jazz with larger audiences. Many teenagers were inspired to take up the trumpet after hearing or seeing him and millions more were introduced to jazz through Armstrong; in later years Louis Armstrong's worldwide tours resulted in him being widely known as "America's goodwill ambassador."(Satchmo, 1998) Louis Armstrong started with t his humble beginnings. Born in New Orleans on Aug. 4, 1901 (until his birth cert...

Summarizing this Pdf to one page plz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Summarizing this Pdf to one page plz - Essay Example Depending on the ground plane size, a moderate to high efficiency is achieved. The antenna has a small fraction bandwidth of around 1%. As the ground plane size decreases ohmic loss increases and the antenna become more similar to an isotropic radiator. Symmetrically loaded miniaturized slot antenna applies boundary condition at both sides of the slot-line. Under this condition, re-configurability, selection of area with the peak current and variable miniaturization level is possible. Slot antenna uses inductive loadings to maintain the current level in the end of reduced size slot antenna. Since small antennas are narrowband, it is important to increase the bandwidth without compromising efficiency. Comparison between the miniaturized slot and miniaturized folded slot impedances shows an increase by a factor of four in the radiation conductance. Therefore, slotted structures demonstrate higher efficiency and lower losses and are thus preferred whenever a ground plane is

Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Human Rights - Essay Example In addition to these, the power possessed by people of any nation determines whether the people exercise their rights, or not. Simplifying and reducing the number of human rights would not work to the advantage of humanity. The human rights as they are can be easily understood by any human being, hence no need for further simplification. On the other hand, reducing the number of human rights would omit important issues, which stand central to the dignity of man. Therefore, adjustments to the human rights would lead to greater harm than good. In my opinion, female genital mutilation accounts for the biggest human rights challenge of our time. Girls and women are denied their rights through the violence involved in the practice. The act also denies them their physical, as well as mental integrity. This follows the fact that people still practice it in the secrecy of their homes. The various cultures, especially in Africa and the Middle East that advocate for this practice do it without raising an alarm to the outside communities. The girls and women involved in the act take an oath of secrecy; hence, most people do not report the vice. The secrecy emanates from the fight against the many non-governmental organizations, and governments that seek to abolish the act (Snarr & Snarr, slide 8). Consequent to these, efforts aimed at eradicating such abuse of human rights continues to fail, which makes female genital mutilation the biggest human rights challenge of our