The Dispossessed and Invisible Man :: Invisible Man Essays

The Dispossessed and Invisible Man      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Darko Suvin defines science fiction as "a literary genre whose necessary and sufficient conditions are the presence and interaction of estrangement and cognition, and whose main formal device" (Suvin 7-8) is a fictional "novum . . . a totalizing phenomenon or relationship" (Suvin 64), "locus and/or dramatis personae . . . radically or at least significantly" alternative to the author's empirical environment "simultaneously perceived as not impossible within the cognitive (cosmological and anthropological) norms of the author's epoch" (Suvin viii). Unlike fantasy, science fiction is set in a realistic world, but one strange, alien. Only there are limits to how alien another world, another culture, can be, and it is the interface between those two realms that can give science fiction its power, by making us look back at ourselves from its skewed perspective.    The Dispossessed takes as its novum a general theory of time, illustrated by the paradox of a rock thrown at a tree, a rock that can never reach its target because "there's always half of the way left to go" (Le Guin 26). Shevek, Le Guin's protagonist and formulator of the general temporal theory, sees himself as one who "'unbuilds walls'" (Le Guin 289), as the "primal number, that [is] both unity and plurality" (Le Guin 30) crossing interfaces. Walls abound in The Dispossessed: the wall between Anarres and Urras (Le Guin 1-2), the wall that separates one individual from every other (Le Guin 6), the wall of social conscience (Le Guin 287), the wall between men and women (Le Guin 14-16), the wall of time--Zeno's paradox--the limit that prevents the rock from striking the tree (Le Guin 26).    But as Shevek knows, the rock does strike the tree; that is the joke (Le Guin 27). The wall can be crossed. He crosses it when he leaves Anarres; he crosses it in his love for Takver and Sadik; he crosses it with the Syndic of Iniative, and he crosses it with the Terrans and the Hainish. This need to "unbuild walls" is his "'cellular function,'" his "moral choice," but it is "process" and not "end," a "journey and return" and not merely a "repetitive, atemporal" cycle (Le Guin 290-291). The paradox of sequence and simultaneity is that nothing stays the same; it is not the same river going past the bank, or the same wind blowing through the same tree as last spring.

Public and Private Sector Accounting Essay

Accounting, known by and large to be a skilled, remunerative, but rather dry profession, has a long and fascinating history. In existence practically from the dawn of civilization, in one form or the other, accounting activity has been integral to some of the most important phases of history. Responsible for the invention of writing, accountants have over the ages, (because of their organic and fundamental association with the processes of trade, business, industry, governance, and taxation), been involved in monarchy and empire expansion, the process of colonisation, the industrial revolution, the World Wars, scientific progress, globalisation, and the spread of neo liberal economics across the world. Confucius, as a government official, was responsible for accounting, and much of what we know about the daily lives of ancient peoples comes from accounting records, such as inventories and sales records, found at archaeological sites. Accounting evolution has followed dissimilar routes in different countries and states and has been extensively shaped by the immediate and larger environment. Japan’s accounting processes, for example, which were significantly shaped by western influences, are very dissimilar from that of neighbouring China and have played an important role in the country’s far more rapid advancement in business, industry and international trade in the 19th and 20th centuries. Accounting policies and procedures in the modern day have, in somewhat similar fashion, evolved rather differently for private sector businesses and public sector corporations, being shaped and constructed by the unlike needs of the two sectors, the dissimilar nature of their income and expenditure streams, the different control processes under which they operate, and their diverse reporting requirements. Recent years have however witnessed significant rethinking in and rerouting of the functioning of public enterprises; the steadily increasing application of neo-liberal economic principles and greater accountability for the commercial and financial success of public sector corporations, leading to increasing convergence between the accounting policies and practices of the public with that of the private sector. This essay attempts to investigate the reasons for the differences in their historical evolution, and the current worldwide efforts to bring about greater convergence between the two accounting methods. Commentary and Discussion Historical Overview of Evolution of Accounting Whilst the extent of involvement of accounting activity in historical life across cultures is becoming clearer with the progress of archaeological work, the accounting profession has historically chosen to adopt a low profile, there being very few pioneers who can be identified with major accounting developments. The most important historical name to arise, in this connection, is that of Luca Pacioli, who in 1494 wrote a book on mathematics, in which he discussed the concept of double entry book keeping. The chapter on practical mathematics addressed mathematics in business. He said that the successful merchant needs three things: sufficient cash or credit, an accounting system that can tell him how he’s doing, and good bookkeeper to operate it. His accounting system consisted of journals and ledgers. It rested on the invention of double-entry bookkeeping. Debits were on the left side because that’ s what â€Å"debit† meant, â€Å"the left†. The numbers on the right were named â€Å"credits†. If everything was done right, then the bookkeeper could do a trial balance (â€Å"summa summarium†). Add up all the debits and then add up all the credits, he said. If everything had been done right, the totals should match. If not, â€Å"that would indicate a mistake in your Ledger, which mistake you will have to look for diligently with the industry and intelligence God gave you. † He wrote† It is difficult to overestimate the importance of double entry bookkeeping. Simple and adequate for the needs of business, it caught on immediately with Italian merchants, was central to their success, and contributed towards the impetus that led to the emergence of the Renaissance. Whilst the conceptualisation and implementation of the double entry system of bookkeeping in the 15th century was the first major watershed in the development of modern day accounting theory, the following centuries were also witness to a number of major developments in Europe and Asia in the area of business recording and accounting, many of which contributed to the development of modern day accounting principles and policies. Notwithstanding Pacioli’s seminal contribution to accounting methodology, a number of other renaissance forces also helped in giving body and shape to the discipline; key factors among these being the concept of private property, capital, widespread commerce, money, the use of credit, the development of arithmetic, and the growing use of writing for recording transactions. Although many of these factors did exist in ancient times, they were not found together, until the Middle-Ages, in a form and strength necessary to push for the innovation of double entry. Accounting rules, policies and practices evolved over time in response to the needs of businesses and to a range of developments. The emergence of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century led accountants to devise accounting methods for finding the cost of production; large scale production of goods in the United States led to the formulation of cost accounting procedures, the arrival of income tax laws saw substantial modifications in the practice of keeping accounting records, and the great depression of the early decades of the 20th century led to the introduction of standards, the establishment of accounting principles and accounting frameworks. Josiah Wedgwood, the famous potter, contributed significantly to cost accounting by studying his books, manufacturing cost structure, overhead, and market structure to avoid bankruptcy during the recession. He became an accounting pioneer and his firm survives even today. Accountancy practices in recent years have been repeatedly scrutinised, modified and clarified through the setting up of accounting standards, the establishment of auditor responsibilities and the enactment of laws for appropriate disclosure. The reputation of the accounting profession has been severely tarnished by corporate scams and frauds like Enron, which has led to the questioning of accounting methods and principles, as well the integrity of the accounting profession. Accounting systems and practices, whilst developing side by side all over the world have followed distinctly different routes, being influenced by institutional and cultural factors. Institutional factors like legal systems, taxation laws, financing norms and methods, credit availability and stock exchange requirements, which have been markedly different for Anglo-Saxon, European, Central Asian, and East Asian environments have shaped the development of accounting systems accordingly. Researchers like Hofstede and Gray have theorised that cultural differences have also played a significant role in the establishment of different accounting systems in different countries. Gray took up Hofstede’s cultural hypotheses and linked them to the development of accounting systems in a meaningful way, stating that cultural or societal values permeated through organisational and occupational subcultures, and vice versa, though obviously the degree of integration differed from place to place. â€Å"Accounting systems and practices can influence and reinforce societal values† Development of Accounting Methods in the Public and Private Sectors The power of various influences to shape the development of accounting systems and methodologies is also evident in the shaping of accounting norms for the public sector and their significant differences from those adopted by or enforced upon the private sector; the public sector, basically implying corporations whose ownership vested with governments, and whose control was accordingly decided by government diktat. Whilst governments had until the 1930s focussed mainly on the controlling of law and order, defence, foreign policy, and similar other areas, the end of the Second World War saw them taking a far greater interest in business and commercial affairs, as well as in infrastructural sectors. Whilst some of these developments were due to the influence of socialist thought and the example set by socialist states, (where all businesses were controlled by the government), they were also influenced by the widespread disenchantment with the capitalist way of governance after the great depression of the 1930s. The huge task of nation building after the devastation caused by World War II made it necessary for governments to actually contribute to infrastructure building, nursing of revived industries, and setting up of new businesses. In the UK, activities like mining and railways were controlled by the government. In Italy the state owned IRI (Institute for Industrial Reconstruction) owned companies engaged in mining, steel, airlines, banking, telephones, and automobile manufacture, and in India the government, apart from controlling all infrastructural activity also controlled the majority of heavy business investment and activity. Substantial governmental control over infrastructural and commercial activity, in addition to its existing control over governmental departments, led to the evolution of a significantly different form of accounting than what was followed by the private sector. The most important of these differences concerned the mode of booking expenditures and incomes, which in the private sector worked on the accrual basis, even whilst the public sector chose to stay with the older method of recording them only after they had been realised in cash or kind. The cash basis of accounting, which records income or expenditure transactions only after such transactions have resulted in the physical receipt or payment of cash, constituted the commonly followed way of accounting for all enterprises, until the adoption of the accrual way of accounting by businesses, changed commonly held accounting perspectives. The cash system records accounting events when they become tangible, e. g. , when a customer’s check arrives, when a shipped product reaches the customer, or when money for a business-related expense is removed from the bank. Cash accounting registers income when money arrives and registers expenses when money goes out of the business. Even today the cash accounting method is a more familiar accounting method because of its use by most individuals in tracking of personal finances. Under this method, one’s income is taxable when it is received, and expenses are deductible when they are paid. Cash accounting remains a straightforward and easily understood method of record-keeping for tax purposes. The accrual method on the other hand approaches accounting events in real time. A sale is registered as soon as a customer receives a consignment even though the actual payment could come much later. Similarly an expense is recorded as soon as the event occurs and a liability recorded as soon as an event occur, whether it is purchase of material, use of services like water or electricity and use of employed or contracted labor, even though such transactions do not involve the simultaneous exchange of money. Over time most private sector businesses, apart from those controlled by small individuals or which were small in size, chose to switch over to the accrual system, forced as much by pressure from regulatory bodies and lending institutions, as by their desire to reflect more logical and realistic business and accounting outcomes. Most tax systems stipulate the compulsory use of accrual systems for private businesses after they achieve a certain size or adopt specified legal structures like those of privately owned or joint stock companies. Most public sector organisations, across the world, however chose to remain with the cash based system of accounting. Such decisions grew out of certain specific circumstances. Governments are essentially different in their nature from businesses, the information required for better understanding and assessment of the financial operations of government organisations extending beyond the reporting of surpluses and deficits. Governments, unlike the private sector, whilst required to run their operations efficiently, are required to provide goods and services to the public, which in some cases becomes more important than making profits. The measurement of surpluses or deficits is in many cases not the primary indicator of the performance of government working. In many countries the public sector continues to retain a separate and different approach from the private sector. Their services are often provided free at the point of use and there is little or no direct link between the cost of these and government income, which is mainly in the form of taxation. The government, in many cases, decides upon the amount of grants required for specific public sector organisations through the formulation of budgets and provides the same on a periodic basis; many such organisations preferring to call their financial statements â€Å"receipt and expenditure† rather than profit and loss statements. The accounting policies of public sector organisations are also shaped by their different reporting requirements. Private sector organisations, especially those that are legally structured as joint stock companies need to provide a true and fair description of their financial performance for the benefit of their shareholders, the tax authorities, and other stakeholders. Even smaller organisations need to necessarily satisfy the requirements of tax departments and their owners, and their accountants routinely adopt the accrual system for recording transactions and preparing statements. Reporting requirements for government controlled organizations is significantly different. Comparison of actual disbursals and expenses with those budgeted is a routine requirement, a need that is more conveniently filled through the use of cash accounting records. The managements of such organisations also have to report on specific information needs of various bodies, including supervisory government departments, parliamentary bodies, and the governmental auditors. Conclusion Recent years have seen extensive debate in public sector accounting and the changes made in many countries for shifting from the cash to the accrual basis of accounting. Public sector working has been influenced during the last three decades by the concepts of New Public Management, (NPM), which expressly calls for enhancement of the efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability of public service delivery through the implementation of a wide range of changes that include deregulation, decentralisation, outsourcing, substitution of input control by output control, result orientation, responsibility assignment and introduction and implementation of private sector management techniques. Whilst the adoption of the accrual system of accounting will lead to the production of more logical and more accurate financial statements, the convergence process will need extensive retraining and education not just of public sector accountants but also of public sector auditors and the users of these financial statements. Such lack of familiarity may lead to inaccuracies in the preparation of financial statements and will need to be addressed through appropriate training and skills upgradation of the concerned people. With the aim of public sector reforms being the dismantling of bureaucracy and more efficient use of resources, increased managerial autonomy and discretion is being accompanied by an emphasis on more extensive accounting practices. Again with accounting playing a key role in NPM implementation and in public sector reforms, the need for greater convergence between public and private sector accounting is being increasingly evidenced. Significant accounting reforms are taking place in many countries, more specifically in the United States, the UK, and West and Nordic Europe. Many public sector companies are changing their accounting policies to institutionalise accrual accounting for budgetary and external financial reporting purposes in order to provide useful information about liabilities, debt, usage of assets, and the cost of public services Whilst change is coming about slowly in public sector accounting, the issue is still being debated vigorously in many countries. The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) formulated the â€Å"Guideline for Governmental Financial Reporting† in 1998 to help public sector units at all levels to prepare their financial reports on the basis of accruals. The IFAC Guideline, along with the International Accounting Standards (IAS) followed by the private sector, make the basis for the International Public sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) developed by the Public sector Committee (PSC) of IFAC.

A Research Paper On Diabetes Essay - 959 Words

Research Paper on Diabetes How is the food that is consumed by the average Hispanic children in their culture cause type 2 diabetes to be more prevalent at such a young age. Parents that adapt their children to this type of habit need to be well informed of the consequences and later health related problems their children can have. We can all agree that many families in our community do not earn high amounts of income feeding to their children the cheapest non healthy foods in addition to today s youth that are constantly on their electronic devices with no playtime outside. The rise in numbers of children with this diseases cannot improve with these issues not resolved. In today’s time period the amount of time that children spent playing outside has decreased tremendously over the turn of the century due to technology. Hispanic are the third leading population group to be more vulnerable to type 2 diabetes. Many families in our community do not earn high amounts of income.most people just go for the cheapest groceries Most if not all of those products are chemically modified to be preserved longer = saturated fats / trans fats Unsaturated fats are derived from plants and some animals. They contain at least one double bond in their fatty acid chain. Conversely, a saturated fat has no double bonds meaning it is saturated with hydrogen atoms.Make it harder for the body to digest And can lead to heart disease or other complications People should consider their marketingShow MoreRelatedDiabetes Research Paper767 Words   |  4 PagesMethods of Insulin Delivery {text:bookmark-start} {text:bookmark-end} DIABETES RESEARCH PAPER Pharmacology 8 a.m. New Medications Methods of Insulin Delivery APA 1 Kelsie Marie Hargrays St. Cloud Technical College Abstract {text:bookmark-start} {text:bookmark-end} The research I did was on new medications and methods of insulin delivery. I researched a few new medications that help treat type 1 2 diabetes. I also researched about new methods of delivery and found many differentRead MoreResearch Paper Diabetes2773 Words   |  12 PagesCaroline SOC 005 Dr November 15th, 2011 Diabetes in the U.S. Diabetes is a disease rapidly increasing throughout the world today, and it is often referred to as the world’s modern epidemic. According to The World Health Organization (WHO) there were 171 million people suffering from diabetes worldwide in 2000. They are expecting this number to be doubled by year 2050 with 366 million diagnosed people. The organization’s most recent â€Å"calculations indicate that worldwide almost 3 million deathsRead MoreDiabetes Research Paper For Diabetes1017 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Diabetes Association currently recommends that adult patients with diabetes be screened for HbA1C% multiple times each year to monitor long-term glycemic control.1 However, a number of U.S. insurance providers only pay for the cost of the test if the patient has other chronic health conditions such as hypertension and/or high cholesterol, which may result in reduced HbA1C% screening among individuals with diabetes who lack health insurance or do not qua lify for reimbursement of testingRead MoreDiabetes Research Paper For Diabetes858 Words   |  4 Pageswith diagnosed diabetes accounts for more than 1 in 5 health care dollars in the U.S., and more than half of that expenditure is directly attributable to diabetes. According to Thomas Schlenker, (Express-News published Saturday, May 28, 2016), cost of diabetes for Bexar County is staggering, and is creating a burden on the community. Some of the costs of diabetes affecting at least 14.2 percent of adults in Bexar County include daily blood tests and insulin injections, progressive blindness, kidneyRead MoreResearch Paper On Diabetes957 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetes – Global trend Modern Medicine has been witnessing serious challenges from four non-communicable diseases (Cardiovascular; Chronic Respiratory conditions; Cancer and Diabetes) which are often associated with unhealthy lifestyle choices (lack of physical activity, smoking, alcohol misuse and unhealthy dietary habits)1. Diseases which were once associated with the first world, have become a global problem. 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Physically GDM causes increased blood sugar levels which can have dangerous and harmful effects on both mother and infant. New to be mothers can have a hard time understanding and coping with their pregnancy and condition if not supported correctly by healthcareRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : The Topic Of My Research Paper870 Words   |  4 Pagespopulation, I chose Diabetes Mellitus as the topic of my research paper. Although very few people actually possess a detailed knowledge of the disorder, everyone knows at least one person who suffers with diabetes. I will attempt to further your knowledge on the subj ect through explanations of the types of Diabetes, how each form is treated, and day-to-day issues that result from living with the disease. According to the National Diabetes Information Clearing House (NDIC), â€Å"Diabetes Mellitus affectsRead MoreType 1 Diabetes Research Paper738 Words   |  3 PagesHow can we treat diabetes? People with type 1 or type 2 diabetes are also need insulin to treat diabetes. Insulin is a substance that has a great impact on human health, especially the treatment of diabetes. This is a substance that is produced by the pancreas to help control blood sugar, safe with the body Type 1 diabetes is treated with: - For type 1 diabetes, because the patients pancreas is no longer able to release insulin, it is imperative that insulin be taken from the outside at regularRead MoreResearch Paper on Type 2 Diabetes2171 Words   |  9 Pagesprevalence of type 2 diabetes is skyrocketing alarmingly to epidemic proportions. According to King, Aubert and Herman (1998), in the year 2000 there were 150 million people with type 2 diabetes worldwide, and this number is expected to double by 2025. This explosive increase in type 2 diabetes prevalence is also associated with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality. (Dankner, Abdul-Ghani, Gerber, Chetit, Wainstein and Raz, 2007). This global increase in diabetes will occur because of

The Need to Reform Africas Economy - 1372 Words

Over the last 50 years, Africa has received aid from all over the world, yet with all it has been given from charity work, donations and economic aid there still has been no progress in most African countries. The controversy surrounding Africas economic state is that while the continent is plentiful with natural resources and potential trading partners, it seems that the resources are being wasted because there is no revenue coming into the economy and the people are still in a horrid state of poverty. Africa needs to revolve reforms in the government to potentially fix the crisis instead of relying on aid from around the world. Africa’s economy has been caused by the poverty and warfare in many of the countries. People have studied and tried to understand what exactly is causing Africa to be so economically, socially and culturally unstable, and it all seems to root back to the colonial ages and its systems; therefore, leading to a large gap in financial status in Africa (Brower and â€Å"Rural Poverty Portal†). With most of the rural areas in Africa being in a state of poverty, these people are reliant on agriculture for their source of food and wellbeing. And in Sub-Sahara Africa there is nearly 220 million Africans that are deemed as poor. Diseases like HIV/AIDS play a role in many people’s lives in Africa; on the continent alone there is more than 34 million suffering from these diseases. Furthermore, the wars and genocides that have taken place in many of Africa’sShow MoreRelatedThe Current State Of South Africa1175 Words   |  5 Pagesview stemmed from wounds created by g overnment supported racial segregation which continues to affect South Africa’s economy today; however, the abundant resources and potential economic growth of this country should not be overlooked. Despite wounds from its past South Africa has a wealth of resources which make it an important country to the world and to the United States. South Africa’s history directly correlates to the countries stagnation in economic growth today, but its resources and economicRead MoreEssay on South Africa: A Country on the Rise1327 Words   |  6 PagesIn the last 20 years, South Africa’s growth and development have placed this country on the global stage and now is an influential player in world affairs. Senior enlisted leaders must understand the importance of South Africa’s continued development and support to United States national interests so that commands will be informed facilitators to the strong bond between these two nations. This paper will discuss Sou th Africa’s background information, government, strategic importance, and futureRead MoreBenefits Of Economic Globalization On South Africa Essay1346 Words   |  6 Pagesyears. This country has been infamously plagued by apartheid, an inhumane policy of segregation based on grounds of race, which also had economic consequences as trade sanctions were established in 1986 by the United States in response to South Africa’s policy of apartheid. However, apartheid ended in the 1990s and the South African Development Community was created in 1992 in order to promote economic development through free trade zones in other regions in Africa. South Africa also signed freeRead MoreImpact Of Economic Liberalisation On Livelihoods1597 Words   |  7 Pagesdecrease in government control, through deregulation and lesser restrictions in the economy to promote greater participation of private entities, serves as a means of securing the basic necessities of life i.e. food, water, shelter and clothing. This is done in an effort to encourage economic development through the doctrine is associated with classical liberalism. Following in the pattern of major economic reforms of emerging markets such as Brazil, China and India, Nigeria has followed the sameRead MoreTaking a Look at the China-Africa Relation1563 Words   |  6 Pagesto enable the economy to expand through its ability to invest. In other words, aid serves as a catalyst. Griffin (1970) cautioned aid ability to act as a catalyst, contending that due to its negative effect, it retards economic growth instead of driving it. For Griffin (1970), aid is an impediment, not a catalyst. Furthermore, Boyce (2002) argued that, to describe aid as a catalyst for development, a sound analysis is essential to measure its negative and positive effect on the economy. In case ofRead MoreSouth Afric A Place Like No Other1569 Words   |  7 Pagescountry of South Africa. Now that we know about the social side, let’s take a look at the overall economy. This is where the country’s fragile economy comes into play, when the country first formed, the world thought that southern Africa was devoid of the riches that had drawn Europeans to the rest of the continent. Until the discovery of diamonds in 1869 and of gold in 1886 revolutionized the economy. European investment flowed in; by the end of the nineteenth century, it was equivalent to all EuropeanRead MoreShould South Africa Stay with BRICS and CIVETS or Focus on Africa?2056 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"South Africa needs to look beyond BRIC(S) markets and emerging CIVET(S) markets and rather focus on Africa† Extended writing task–Grade 11 â€Æ' South Africa is currently part of BRICS and CIVETS emerging markets, and none in Africa. In me essay I’ll be discussing whether South Africa should stay with these emerging markets or rather focus on Africa. BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) and CIVETS (Columbia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, and South Africa) are allRead MoreSouth Afric A Country Of Diversity1269 Words   |  6 PagesAfrica: Background,† n.d.). In fact, South Africa is home to the second highest number of HIV/AIDS patients in the world (â€Å"South Africa: Background,† n.d.). Despite the problems that South Africa faces, South Africa dominates in terms of the economy, with its economy being one of the largest in Africa (â€Å"South Africa: Background,† n.d.). Progressive Discussion of Trade Agreements South Africa is party to a variety of trade agreements, from the oldest customs union in the world, to more recent free tradeRead MoreAre African Countries Benefiting from Globalization?2220 Words   |  9 Pagesand quotas between trading partners. This analysis look at Africa’s part in international trade, and consider if the continent is benefitting from the globalization of trade today and how the continent can increase their total part of trade. Classical theory of international trade states that different countries benefit from international trade because it increases the market for diverse products. If a country produces more than it needs of a specific commodity, it can export the surplus and makeRead MoreSouth Afric A Country Of Diversity2123 Words   |  9 PagesAfrica: Background,† n.d.). In fact, South Africa is home to the second highest number of HIV/AIDS patients in the world (â€Å"South Africa: Background,† n.d.). Despite the problems that South Africa faces, South Africa dominates in terms of the economy, with its economy being one of the largest in Africa (â€Å"South Africa: Background,† n.d.). Progressive Discussion of Trade Agreements South Africa is party to a variety of trade agreements, from the oldest customs union in the world, to more recent free trade

How Gender Is Learned Through Play - 2086 Words

Introduction The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) indicates in Article 31.1 â€Å"States Parties recognize the right of the child to rest and leisure, to engage in play and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child and to participate freely in cultural life and the arts (1989).† The UNCRC is affirming that play is essential to children s development and it is their right. Children learn through play, some skills children may learn could be social skills, emotional skills, verbal and non-verbal communication, and physical skills, to name a few. Children play and learn in different environments at home, day-care, relatives homes, parks, or at schools. Moreover, children learn gender roles through socialization and are reinforced through play. I will be examining how gender roles are learned through play beginning with a literature review followed by applying theory, and then examined through methods and empirical research. Finally, this assignme nt will end with exploring key findings and discussion related to how gender is learned through play. Literature Review To begin talking about children first we need to understand what a child is, according to the UNCRC Article 1: which defines a â€Å"Child as a person below the age of 18, unless the laws of a particular country set the legal age for adulthood younger (1989).† The Oxford Dictionary (2014) defines a child as â€Å"A young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age ofShow MoreRelatedGender, Gender And Gender Roles1437 Words   |  6 Pages Gender roles play an important role in society whether it is for good or for bad. These roles have been placed in society since the beginning of time. The term gender is socially created and it therefore categorizes men from women. How is gender defined, and what makes it different from the term sex? â€Å"†¦sex refers to the biological characteristics that distinguish women and men: sex chromosomes, reproductive organs, sex-specific hormones, and physical characteristics†¦Gender†¦ refers to the socialRead MoreThe Article Gender Role Models896 Words   |  4 PagesThe article Gender Role Models ... who needs ‘em?! By Stephen Hicks encouraged me to reflect on my childhood gender roles as well as how I portray my gender roles today. After learning about the socialization theory I realize my parents were traditional towards gender roles and have incorporated multiple theories of human growth and development into my gender development. I have also learned how my gender roles have gradually transformed since I was a child. Therefore, this article has brought toRead MoreGender Roles : An Individual s Appearance915 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual is a male or female. Biology plays a huge part that also helps us distinguished our sex from the moment we are born due to our primary sex characteristics. However, we learned our genders and the roles that come with it through out our life. From the moment we learn to speak and walk and developed our learning skills, we acquire learning behaviors where our genders are expected to behaviors, traits and characteristics. Gender roles are learned and influenced from our family, friendsRead MoreGender Differences Within Social Development1747 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch paper is set to inform the reader of the gender differences through social development. Depending on a child’s gender, things such as gender identity and social acceptance have a great impact in their development. The first thing parents learned about their children before birth is the sex of the baby. This highlights the importance of sex and gender. Sex differences have long been a very important topic in psychology and in understanding why gender differences affect social development. SocialRead MoreMy Experience As A Male Dominant Culture994 Words   |  4 Pagesculture through different medias, such as our parents, relatives, and peers. My earliest enculturation experience is when I was in kindergarten. I learned about culturally accepted behaviors for both genders and experienced double standard between male and female. My family and my peers were the most influential in this enculturation experience as they were the people I associated with during my early childhood. My early childhood experience of double standard has shaped my values and how I perceiveRead MoreGender Roles : Social Learning Theory And Sex Segregation1190 Words   |  5 PagesGender roles play a huge part in society. Gender plays a role in shaping an individuals identify and beliefs. It also helps identify what is masculine and what is feminine. Certain tasks, duties, and jobs are classified by gender. However, gender appropriate behavior should not be enforced in our society for numerous reasons and can be seen on an individual level and be demonstrated by social learning theory and sex segregation. Within and across different cultures, we can find great consistencyRead MoreThe Effects of Gender Roles and Gender Identity on Behaviour Essay examples1550 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Gender Roles and Gender Identity on Behaviour Gender is a psychological term, which refers to our awareness and reaction to biological sex. It is also a fundamental part of our learning concept. Gender is influenced by many things, which include: Biological Influences ===================== Such as, Genetics, Estrogens and Androgens. Social Influences ================= Such as, Identification theory, which is: Read MoreHow Toys Play A Role On Gender Socialization1229 Words   |  5 Pagesunusual for their gender. Toys are a prominent factor in this socialization, because they are typically presented for one gender and are unacceptable for the other. To assess how toys play a role in gender socialization, I made a trip to Toys â€Å"R† Us in College Station and was surprised by how the store was organized. The first thing that went through my mind when walking into the store was to look for the Girls and Boys signs that would indicate to me which section was for which gender. There weren’tRead MoreGoing Into High School As A Junior981 Words   |  4 Pagescourse but I realize that I learned a lot that I never knew before and this was a great course and I am really glad that I took it. The things that took from this course that I can compare and relate to my life are the uses of technology in our society, social inequity, race of others, family and culture, gender differences, and personal life problems. When we look at how technology and how it has changed over the years, there are a lot of things that are different then how they used to be. The peopleRead MoreAre Gender Roles Forced Upon Us?1482 Words   |  6 PagesAre Gender Roles Forced Upon Us? Remember the 50s in America, how men were the predominant head of the household and women were expected to cook, watch their kids, and clean? This is an excellent example of gender roles, and how they control some aspects of life. Gender roles according to multiple sources are, the way people behave, what they do and say, to express being a female or male. (â€Å"Gender Identity†, Blackstone, Gender Spectrum). They are forced upon an individual from the day that

Social Problem Free Essays

Nowadays , social problems are very serious and we should pay more attention to these problems. As a part of the community , we should be concerned about social problems. Every day we read the newspaper and get the news from media, almost every day the newspaper and the media reports are about the social problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Problem or any similar topic only for you Order Now All sorts of social problems will appear in our surrounding , but we cannot turn a blind eye and a deaf ear. We need to find ways to solve these social problems so that the society will not be mess order. Social problems are some condition , set of events or group of persons constitutes a troublesome situation that needs to be changed or improved. Social problems are like time bomb , when it explode, it will be out of control. Social problems let us live in a pressured situation. Today’s society there are too many examples of social problems, I took a few more popular examples to explain in detail. Explain the social problems in the end how it affects the growth of our country and the ways of prevent to reduce the social issue. Now, we take a look at what social problems are the most popular . Firstly ,the most common and the most serious social problems in our life are gangsters. Speaking of gangsters, will make people tremble with fear. Gangsters are not limited to age, previous may be older establishment gangsters, now both primary and secondary schools also have a group of students create a own gangster within the school. They will require students to pay a protection fee , if students do not, they will use means to force students pay protection money . Gangsters may intimidation , harassment and find someone to hit the student until the student willing to pay money. As long as someone offended gangster boss or brother, the man must not be at peace. Gangsters will send someone to give warning and told the man who is the stronger one. Gangsters also smoking , fighting , make trouble and provoke others everywhere. In short , they do any bad thing, also bully the weak . New gangs also never lost on the old gang . Next, the gangs will cause the growth of our country to have a negative impact . These will be brought to the community a lot of unnecessary trouble and fear. So that the country would be in a very unstable state. People in other countries will be disappointedin our country, they are afraid to trade in our country and the economic will downturn . Just so that our country is greatly losses and enough to affect the development of the country . Moreover , there are several ways to prevent the establishment of gangs . The first step is whenever you see someone organization gangs immediately alarm . Second is counselors to counsel these kids . Also let the parents pay more attention to children’s behavior and trends ,and more concern for children . The second problem is traffic jams , in our country always occur the traffic problems especially during the peak time are often traffic jams . I often think that our country really is so many cars ? Our country has many public transport can ride like bus and LRT . In the end is too rich or people do not want to take the public transport with others or they do not want wake up early to catch the bus and LRT . In my observation , most of the vehicles are driving one in the working hours . And a family is more than owning a car . When there is the festival season , have long queues of vehicles on the road . People are required to spend half a day in the car ,it’s really a headache . Apart from that ,this problem makes our country’s poor reputation when it comes to the transportation. Foreigners evaluation of our traffic is low. Affect the ranking of our country is seriously lagging behind . This is enough to affect our reputation severely damaged . Following that ,have a problem we have to go to solve . The solution of a traffic jam is government can greatly promote the public transport and explain the advantage of using public transport . If just your colleagues or friends to the same place , that simply driving a car is enough or everyone turns driving their own car with a colleague or friend . As long as people are willing to comply , then the problem can be solved . The third problem that I think need to be paid more attention to is illegal immigrant. Illegal immigrants mixed the name suggests is that there is no approved . Illegal immigrants once they are caught will suffer severe punishment or be forced to exit or leave to country they are in. If the illegal immigrants think that the country is not properly managed, these immigration will be able to sneak into our country without any fear of being caught or punished . Our country has a huge and important part of responsibility and also need to ensure that there are no problems in the country due to these immigrants. Illegal immigrants seemingly innocuous, but in fact , it hurt not to be looked down upon small . Their arrival so that people reduce jobs , because their low salaries , better efficiency and the important one, they are hardworking than people in our country . The other is that they cause a lot of distress and they will rob and trouble . Many social chaos is manufactured or are cased mostly by them . We should immediately think of a way to solve this problem so that we are getting the security and tranquility. The checkpoint staff must strictly regulate immigration checkpointsand not to let them muddle through . People are urgerto pay very close attention to suspicious person around and if found, it has to be immediately notifiedto the police . Police and people ‘s cooperation are essential and vital to crack down on illegal immigrants. The fourth social problem is divorce which happens in every place around the world. There will be a divorce as long as there are men , women , and married . I really cannot figure out why people want a divorce and had chosen to marry . Although divorce is very easy , but the marriage is not child’ s play . Since the original thought of marriage , think of the consequences of divorce , do not impulse bad throughout life . The high divorce rate is not a good thing for a country . If the divorce rate is higher , on behalf of the people does not pay attention to the views of marriage . Marriage is a sacred thing , many people have opted for early marriage . For this reason and cause the divorce rate to improve . This country has given the impression that marriage is a failure , this once again undermines the reputation of the country . What method can reduce the divorce rate ? It is up to people to their own ideas . Government should be called on the people to not be too early marriage , early marriage has a lot of potential problems . Now , society difficult and having a family is not an easy task . Marriage gave birth to the child , if divorce the child does not have a perfect family environment to grow and will leave to childhood shadow . Ultimately suffering only child . So , think about it before marriage . The fifth is environmental pollution problems , this is also the community most concern . Environmental pollution refersto human discharged to the environment than its self-purification capacity of substances or energy , so that the quality of the environment to reduce the phenomena of an adverse impact on the survival and development of humanity , ecosystems , and property . The most common are water pollution , air pollution , and noise pollution . Water pollution will harm to human death and directly affect the water quality of the drinking water source then produce many diseases . Furthermore , it will constrain economic development because the industrial use of water as a raw material or washing products and directly participate in the processing of products. Deterioration of the water quality will directly affect the quality of product. Water pollution for human health , agriculture , fisheries and other sideline have largely affected the development of the economy! Air pollution will affect the body health and also the impact of weather and climate . People believe that climate change may cause a variety of air pollutants , carbon dioxide has a significant role in . The content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere according to the current rate of increase continues , after a number of years will make the north and south ends of the ice melting , leading to global climate anomalies . Noise pollution will damage to the hearing of the human body . The worse case can cause deafness. Noise can induce a variety of diseases . The impact of noise on sleep great , people even in sleep , hearing , have to bear the noise stimulus . It will distract people ’ s attention , leading to unresponsive , fatigue , decreased work efficiency and error rate rise . So, we must not underestimate the importance of these three pollution damaged. It must find a way to prevent . Prevention and treatment methods for all pollution is severely punished or give warning to them . Noise prevention measures is to minimize the sound decibel value or use sound – absorbing , sound insulation , noise barrier isolation and other measures . For air pollution is reducing emissions of pollutants and afforestation . There is also a most important is to start with ourselves . Do not throw waste , the perfect city is everyone ’s responsibility . Lastly , the way of preventing water pollution is before we drink the water , we boiled or filter it . We also can actively promote â€Å"clean production† . Clean production to change the existing unsustainable methodsof raw material and energy consumption , to encourage sustainable production using non- toxic products . Of course , our government should control our environment . Cannot just verbally agreed to without action because protecting the environment is everyone ‘s responsibility . As a conclusion , all these issues makes me feel , is social change or human nature has changed . Only human indifference , will bring up this society today . We can really make it cool treatment? Our society is reduced to a point where it is we want to do ? The first condition is the protection of society the people must lead by example . In fact , as long as everyone concerted effort to make a change, it certainly can . If everyone changed , then the social will peaceful . I sincerely hope we can do this ! How to cite Social Problem, Essay examples

Cleanig Your Throne Essay Research Paper CLEANING free essay sample

Cleanig Your Throne Essay, Research Paper Clean YOUR THRONE This past summer I worked as a keeper in a fabrication works. Part of my occupation was cleaning bathrooms. I estimate throughout the summer I cleaned up to five hundred bathrooms. I consider myself an expert on the topic. Using my procedure for cleansing bathrooms, an immaculate bathroom is accomplishable. The initial measure in the procedure is to garner all the necessary cleansing supplies: swab and pail, glass cleansing agent, floor soap, lavatory bowl cleansing agent, lavatory coppice, paper towel, a sponge, bathroom cleaning solution with bleach, lavatory paper, trash bag, broom and dust pan, and baseball mitts are recommended. Make certain to read all of the labels on the cleaners for warnings, to avoid possible jeopardies. Following, everything must be removed from the room that is on the floor. We will write a custom essay sample on Cleanig Your Throne Essay Research Paper CLEANING or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This included carpets, rubbish tins, and any refuse laying on the floor. After taking everything out of the room, brush the floor. Now it is clip for the soiled work. This is where I suggest have oning baseball mitts. Take the lavatory bowl cleansing agent and use it to the interior of the bowl, underneath the rim. Now utilizing the coppice, scrub the interior of the bowl doing certain to take all discolorations. After all discolorations are removed, flush the lavatory to uncover a clean bowl. After cleaning the interior of the lavatory, it is clip to clean the exterior. Using the bathroom cleansing agent with bleach, spray the full exterior of the lavatory. The bleach in the cleansing agent kills the bacterium on the lavatory, but it besides can do serious harm to vesture. Be Very Careful WHEN USING BLEACH. Wipe the lavatory with a moist sponge. Be certain to clean the full lavatory including the base, the place, and the bath behind the bowl. When the sponge gets soiled, rinse it off in the sink. Continue cleaning the lavatory until it is scintillating clean. Now that the lavatory is wholly clean, travel over to the sink. Use the same cleansing agent that was used to clean the lavatory, nevertheless use a new sponge . Spray the full sink, including the spigot, and the exterior of the sink. Wipe the sink down with the new sponge and rinse the sink with clean H2O. Do non worry about acquiring the floor moisture. After the sink has been wiped and rinsed, dry it with paper towels. Normally a mirror is placed above the sink. By this clip the mirror will be splashed with H2O and cleansing agent and will besides necessitate to be cleaned. To make this, cover the mirror with a thin movie of glass cleansing agent. Wipe the mirror with paper towels in a waving gesture until all runs and smudges are removed. Now everything in the bathroom is clean except the floor. To clean the floor, fill a pail with warm H2O and floor soap. If no floor soap is available, any soap with a capful of bleach will be suited. Fill the pail three quarters of the manner up. Now take the swab and soak it in the H2O. With the concentrated swab, wipe up the floor from the rear of the room, to the terminal where the door is located. The floor should hold a thin bed of H2O on it. Now take the swab and contorting it out so that it is dry. With the prohibitionist swab, travel back over the floor in the mode that was performed when the swab was wet. If the swab begins to acquire wet once more, contorting it out and go on wipe uping. When the floor is finished, leave the room for 10 proceedingss to let it to dry. While the floor is drying, empty the refuse and replace the bag with a new one. If any carpets were taken out of the room, strike hard them against a wall to take any soil concealed inside the carpet. Make certain to brush the muss that was created by crushing the carpet on the wall. By this clip, the floor should be dry and the occupation will be ready to finish. Topographic point the carpet on the floor where they belong. Put the refuse can endorse from where it was taken. If the lavatory paper is low, replace the axial rotation with a new one and put the staying axial rotation on the top of the lavatory. The occupation is now complete. Leave the room and retrieve to set the place down and turn off the visible radiations.